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NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE and UNIFICATIONS - Coggle Diagram
NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE and UNIFICATIONS
NATION and NATIONALISM
After liberal revolutions
Nation
meaned to share cultural traits
Nationalism
Political interpretation of identity & aspirations
Influenced by these causes
Liberalism
Established legitimacy of state in power
Great monarchies = absolutist regimes
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Napoleon
and
Congress of Vienna
<-- National unity consolidated
Industrial & commercial bourgeoisie
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Liberal economy
depeloped
Organised map of Europe
Based on their interest
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Two types of movements
Unifying movements
Bring people with common culture together
Same state
Different political units
Independent movements
Like Greece
Sought independence from Ottoman Empire
INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
Repercussions of Napoleonic Invasions
Governments formed
juntas
Marked the start of road to independence
Criollos demanded these juntas
Other reasons
Urban development in cities
Influence of liberalism
Influence of independence in U.S.
Marginalisation of Criollos
Interference of Great Britain
Independence process was
violent
Fernando VII refused to make changes
Mayor revolt in Mexico 1810
Indigenous people took part
14 countries were independent in 1825
Rebellions made by Bolivar & San Martin
They met in Peru (it was independent)
CONSEQUENCES
Social
Criollos obtained political power
Slavery abolished in most countries
Black slaves, indigenous and lowe classes discriminated
Political
Republic in goverments of new countries
Caudilllismo
Military imposed itself
Authoritarian leaderships & coup d'état
Economic
Spain lost it's main source of metals
Spain’s economic dependence
Replaced by Great Britain & U.S.
Latin America without true economic independence
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
German Confederation
replaced Holy Empire
Assembly called
Diet
Ruled by Austrian emperor
Opposed to liberalism/nationalist movements
Eastern part
Prussia maintained
Authoritarian & disciplined political/military organisation
Southern part
Austrian Empire
Parts within German Confederation
Territories ruled by princes
Some German territories depended on Denmark
1834 Prussia took initiative
Created
Zollverein
or Customs Union
(Excluded Austrians)
Promoted economic development
Encouraged middle class to fight
Revolution of 1848
Democratic/social demands
Impact on German cities
Frightened middle class
German chancellor
Otto von Bismarck
Under reign of William I
Led in an authoritarian manner
Declared war on Denmark in 1864
In 1866 Austria was defeated
At the Battle of Sadowa
Finally Bismarck planned
Annexation of Alsace & Lorraine
French regions but part spoke German
French were defeated at the Battle of Sedan
Prussians occupied Paris
Second German Empire
1871
With universal manhood suffrage
UNIFICATION OF ITALY
Different political systems
North-west
Piedmont-Sardinia
independent kingdom
Ruled by the Savoy dynasty
Rest of the north
Occupied by Austria
Richest region with Milan & Venice
South: Naples and Sicily
Monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
In the center
Duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena
Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States
Cavour
(prime minister of Piedmont)
Allied with French's -> defeated Austrians
Duchies added to Piedmont
Naples and Sicily occupied by
Garibaldi
Annexed to Piedmont
Paper States confined to Vatican City
Pope had to renounce
Annexation wasn't recognised --> conflic
Resolved in 1929: Lateran Treaty
Ended being a unified country
Parliamentary monarchy & censitary suffrage
Capital was Rome
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
King of Piedmont
Crowned king of a country
Imbalances between north/south
