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NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICTAIONS, nationalism, countries nations…
NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICTAIONS
NATION AND NATIONALISM
NATION
after the liberal revolutions
human communities
shared cultural traits
aspired to be a nation-state
NATIONALISM
political interpretations
identity
aspirations
Nationalist movements
unifying movements
same
culture
state
different political units
independence movements
replaced
monarchies
empires
principalities
by nation-sates
LIBERALISM
establish legitimacy
state power
sovereignty
citizenship
absolutist monarchies
people felt
liberal
nationalist
seen in the revolutions
new organised map of Europe
by
Napoleon
Congress of Vienna
generated nationalist aspirations
liberal economy
influenced nationalism
industrial and commercial bourgeoisie
internal markets
free of
barriers
priviledges
uniform laws throughout the territory
favoured
economic growth
industrialisation
INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
LEADERS OF LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
Simón Bolívar (1783–1830)
rich criollo
lot of land in Venezuela
as young
studies in Spain
travelled thought Europe
Influenced by Liberal ideas
his dream
unified American nation
Gran Colombia
without the authoritarian control of Spain
José de San Martín (1778–1850)
Born in Argentina
Spanish parents
served the Spanish army
22 years
Peninsular war
London
joined a masonic lodge
independence of South America
returned for retirement
Independence process
from Argentina to Chile
Liberated Peru
handed control to bolivar
his idea
support
not strong men
strong civil power
CAUSES
Napoleonic invasion in 1808
repercussions in Latin America
juntas locales
demanded to be opened
formed by the goverment
started the independence idea
urban development
influence of liberalism
independence
of the United sates
urban middle classes
marginalisation of the criollos
Interference from Great Britain
INDEPENDENCE AND FORMATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN STATES
violent process
revolt in Mexico
1810
indigenous took part
rebellions
led by Bolívar and San Martín
met in Peru
independent
Battle of Ayacucho (1824)
then declared independent
New Granada (1811)
Río de la Plata (1816)
Fernando VII
regain the Spanish throne
not change the colonies
some proclaimed independent
total of 14 countries by 1825
CONSEQUENCES
Political consequences
system of government
republic
military imposed itself
civil governments
caudillismo
authoritarian leadership
frequent coups d’état
Economic consequences
Spain
lost
source of precious metals
markets supplied by them
Latin America
economic dependence
from Spain
to Great Britain
Then the United States
not true economic independence
Social consequences
criollos
consolidated economic power
political power
Slavery
abolished
in most countries
discrimination
social and economical
former black slaves
lower classes
indigenous people
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
German confederation
east
powerful kingdom of Prussia
authoritarian organisation
political
military
south
Austrian empire
territories depended on Denmark
independent territories ruled by princes
assembly: the Diet
Austrian emperor
opposed
liberalism
nationalism
urban bourgeoisie
economic interests
liberal ideas
Prussia
commercial union
Zollverein or Customs Union
railway network throughout the German territory
promoted economic development
middle classes unification
excluding the Austrians
REVOLUTION 1848
democratic and social demands
impact on German cities
frightened the middle classes
Otto von Bismarck
chancellor
reign of Willian I
led the unification
authoritarian way
war on Denmark
1864
defeated Austria
1866
annexation of tow parts of France
1871
occupied Paris
alsase-Lorraine
Second German empire
1871
universal manhood suffrage
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
midi-19th century
Italians
part of a cultural and historical unit
many territories
different political systems
Piedmont-Sardinia
north-west
ruled by the Savoy dynasty
Milan and Venice
north
occupied by Austria
Naples and Sicily
monarchy ruled by the Bourbons
south
Central area
duchies
Tuscany
Parma
Modena
the Papal states
capital in Rome
Pope Pius IX
process of the unification
Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont
allied with France
defeat Austria
new territories
northern duchies
central duchies
Naples and Sicily
nationalist revolutionaries
Garibaldi
annexed to Piedmont
the Pope
renounce to the Papal States
didn't recognise the annexation
Lateran treaty 1929
leaders of Italyan unification
Giuseppe Mazzini
he wanted a unified Italy
democratic system
deep social reforms
Giuseppe Garibaldi
conquer the south
evolutionary spirit
volunteers
"red shirts"
Italy as a country
moderate political regime
parliamentary monarchy
censitary suffrage
capital
Rome
king
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
imbalances between the north and the south
