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NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, image, image, image, image,…
NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
NATION AND NATIONALISM
Before the 19th century
nation expressed different realities
after liberal revolutions
used to describe human communities
aspiring to be constituting a nation-state
nationalism was influenced by different causes
Napoleon and the Congress of Viena
organised the map of Europe on their interests
helped generate nationalist aspirations
liberalism
important to establish the legitimacy of state power
many people felt liberal and nationalist
seen in revolutionary waves (19th century)
development liberal economy
influenced nationalism
internal markets free of priviledges
barriers to trade
uniform laws
helped consolidate industrial and commercial aspirations
THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
Napoleonic invasion of Spain had repercussions
Cabildos in America formed juntas locales
the people(most of them criollos) demanded the juntas to be for everyone
the juntas marked the start for the Latin America's independence
there were also other reasons
urban development in some cities
the influence of liberalism and the independence
the marginalisation of the criollos
Great Britain wanting to sell their products there
the process was violent
Fernando VII refused to make changes in the colonies
a major revolt broke out in Mexico in 1810
indigenous people took part
there were rebellions led by Bolivar and San Martin
Rio de Plata (1816)
New Granada (1811)
they declared themselves independent
it was finally declared independent in 1824
after the battle of Ayacucho
1825 they had added a total of 14 countries
consequences
social consequences
criollos obtained the political power they wanted
they also consolidated their economic power
slavery was abolished in most countries
but some people continued to be discrominated
black slaves
indigenous people
lower classes
political consequences
the new system of government was a republic
led to caudillismo
authoritarian leadership and frequent coups d'etat
economic consequences
Spain lost the source of precious metals
certain markets were supplied by the Iberian Peninsula
Spain's economic dependence was replaced
United States
Great Britain
Latin America continued without economic dependence
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
After the Napoleonic wars
German confederation replaced
it replaced the Holy Empire
powerful kingdom of Prussia maintained
the Austrian Empire
a part was on the German Confederation
many independent territories ruled by princes
German territories that depended on Denmark
the Revolution of 1848
democratic and social demands
important impact in on German cities
it frightened the middle class
Otto von Bismarck
Under the reign of William I
led the unification in a non liberal way
he declared war on Denmark (1864)
Austria was defeated in the Battle of Sadowa (1866)
the German Confederation
they had an assembly
called Diet
it was opposed to liberalism
collided with the bourgeoisie
opposed to nationalist movements
In 1834
Russia created
Customs Union
commercial union
included a single railway
promoted economic development
encouraged the middle class to fight
Bismarck
planned the
annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
French regions that spoke German
The French were defeated
Battle of Sedan
Prussians occupied Paris
declared the Second Ge4rmaan Empire (1871)
universal manhood suffrage
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
Mid 19th century
Italians felt part of cultural and historical unit
they were divided in territories
different political systems
rest of the north
occupied by Austria
richest region
included Milan and Venice
the south
Naples and Sicily
formed a monarchy
governed by the Bourbon dinasty
north west
Piedmont-Sardinia
independent kingdom
ruled by the Savoy dinasty
central area
duchies of Tuscany
Parma and Modena
Pope Pius IX, Papal States
capital in Rome
Cavour
prime minister of Piedmont
allied with the French
defeated the Austrians
battle of Solferino (1859)
battle of Magenta
duchies of the central area added to Piedmont
Naples and S>icily were occupied
by nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi
also added to Piedmont in the end
the pope
had to renounce the Papal States
was confined to Vatican City
the pontiff didn't recognised the annexation
a conflict began
resolved in1929
Lateran Treaty
the end result
a unified country
moderate political regime
parliamentary monarchy
censitary suffrage
capital was Rome
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy crowned king
