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LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The liberal revolutions
        
        followed the same route as the 18th-century revolutions
        
        transition from an estate system to a class society
        
        contributed to the expansion of the Industrial Revolution
  - - - military interventions and reinstated absolutism.
        
        parts of Spain, Naples and Piedmont
      - After interventions
        
        Holy Alliance declined
        
        due to Great Britain’s criticism of its work
        
        the absolutist troops did not penetrate Portugal due to British opposition
        
        Portuguese revolutionaries established a constitutional regime
        
        due to divisions among its member
    - - revolutionary outbreaks in France and Russia
        
        easily stopped
        
        democratic assembly
        
        declared Greece’s independence from the absolutist power of the Ottoman Empire
        
        supported by many European liberals
        
        War
        
        Britain, Russia and France took part in the war in 1827
        
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        gained independence in 1830
  - - - succeeded by Charles X
        
        hoped to reign in an absolutist way
        
        large sectors of the French bourgeoisie had liberal ideas
        
        did not match the monarch’s aspirations.
        
        1830
        
        July Revolution in Paris
        
        led by groups of intellectuals, students and workers
        
        against the absolutist tendencies of Charles X
        
        After the king abdicated
        
        parliamentary monarchy established under Louis Philippe of Orleans
        
        he recognised national sovereignty
        
        he abolished censorship
        
        he extended the right to vote.
    - - Belgians
        
        proclaimed their independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
        
        established a parliamentary monarchy subject to a constitution.
    - - the nationalistic uprising in Poland, part of the Russian Empire
        
        uprising was crushed by the tsar’s army.
  - - - became more conservative, causing discontent among radical liberals
        
        workers suffered the most
        
        effects of an intense international economic crisis that began in 1845
        
        Second French Republic was proclaimed
        
        workes
        
        measures to guarantee employment
        
        important part in universal manhood suffrage
        
        fear and opposition from the bourgeoisie
        
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        a workers’ uprising was repressed by the army
        
        louis Napoleon Bonaparte
        
        elected president
        
        1851
        
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    - - cities in Austria, the German Confederation, Italy and Russia
        
        Nationalist, democratic and social demands were important
        
        When they ended
        
        political breakthroughs had been made in all regions except for Russia.
- - - - demands of workers and radical liberals
        
        democrats
        
        they defended universal manhood suffrage
        
        (one man, one vote)
    - - regimes with census suffrage through changes in the electoral systems
      - parliamentarians represented
        
        concerns of the upper bourgeoisie and the middle classes
        
        they organised themselves into political parties to promote their ideas and interests
      - Although the representativeness of liberal political regimes increased
        
        large groups of workers did not have the right to vote
        
        there was hostility and sometimes persecution towards their organisations
        
        sympathised with revolutionary ideologies
        
        a way to achieve political recognition and improve their working and living conditions
    - - Under the Second French Empire
        
        a regime was established that maintained universal manhood suffrage
        
        there was no real separation of powers
        
        as everything depended on Napoleon III
        
        Instead of elections
        
        plebiscites or referendums
        
        justify emperors position
        
        questions were asked in such a way that the result was always favourable to him
      - universal manhood suffrage not achived
    - - Britain’s monarch was Queen Victoria
      - parliamentarism became very stable
        
        power alternating between two political parties
        
        Liberal Party (Whigs)
        
        Conservative Party (Tories)
      - success of British politics
        
        due to reforming its laws to increase representation
      - universal manhood suffrage not achived
    - - The Revolution of 1848 led to
        
        establishment of censitary suffrage
        
        constitutional texts in the Kingdom of Prussia and in Austria
        
        freedoms were limited by sovereigns.
      - Austria
        
        1867
        
        the mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists converted the two countries into a dual monarchy
        
        Austro-Hungarian Empire
        
        governments and parliaments
        
        a single sovereign
        
        two capitals
      - Russia
        
        absolutist political system
        
        without a parliament
        
        based on a mainly agricultural economy.
    - - Extended universal manhood suffrage
      - Several states recognised it for white men in the early 1800s
        
        Decades later most members of the Union had approved it
      - great territorial expansion to the west
        
        submission of the indigenous population and violent repression of any resistance
        
        indigenous tribes were confined to reservations and their territories were occupied by white settlers.
      - There was still slavery in the southern states
        
        so,slaves fled north
        
        northern states wanted to abolish slavery throughout the Union
        
        southern states opposed this
        
        They tried to form an independent state
        
        the Confederate States of America
        
        led to American Civil War (1861–1865)
        
        The more liberal and industrialised North won the war
        
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      - 1870
        
        black slaves were granted the right to vote
        
        the Republicans and the Democrats
        
        fought to gain power in elections
        
        however the former Confederate States
        
        took the vote from black and poor white citizens.
        
        established racial segregation with frequent violence against black people
        
        1869
        
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      - White racisim
        
        terrorist and racist organisation
        
        Ku Klux Klan
        
        created after the American Civil War
        
        claimed that white men were supreme
        
        was anti-communist
        
        homophobic
        
        anti-Semitic
        
        members used violence and intimidation to frighten their victims
    - - 19th century
        
        Ellis Island, in the port of New York
        
        became a symbol of great waves of European migrants arriving in the United States