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05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, image, image, image, image,…
05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
Nation And Nationalism
different types of movements
independence movements
Greece independence from Ottoman Empire
monarchies, empires and principalities
replaced by nation-states
unifying movements
different political units
bring people together
Influenced by
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna
map of interests
liberal economy
favoured economic growth and industrialisation
national unity consolidate bourgeoisie
industrial
commercial
liberalism
absolutist regimes
felt liberal and nationalist
national sovereignty and citizenship
Nation
nationalism
political interpretation
human communities
wanted a nation-state
shared cultural traits
The Unification Of Germany
German Confederation
Diet assembly
Prussia took initiative (1834)
created the Zollverein or Customs Union
single railway throughout Germany
economic development
excluding Austrians
encouraged middle class to unify
opposed to liberalism and nationalist movements
collided with
economic interests of the urban bourgeoisie
liberal ideas
Austrian emperor
Eastern part
Kingdom of Prussia
authoritarian and disciplined
military organisation
political organisation
south
Austrian Empire
replaced the Holy Empire
independent territories
coexisted between the two
other German territories that depended on Denmark
ruled by princes
Otto Von Bismarck (1815–1898)
personality and victories
Germany was the centre of
diplomatic alliances
of historical significance
imperialist agreements
important influence on politics
strong personality and long period in office
Bismarck's wars
under William I
The Revolution of 1848
democratic and social demands
impact on German cities
frightened middle class
1864: Denmark war
gain control of duchies
Holstein
Schleswig
1866: Battle of Sadowa
Austria was defeated
unify authoritatively
Battle of Sedan: French defeated
annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
French regions
Prussians occupied Paris
1871: Second German Empire
The Independence Of Latin America
Independence and Formation of the south states
Fernando VII
some states proclaimed their independence
refuse to change colonies
1810: major revolt in Mexico
indigenous took part
led by Bolívar and San Martín
achieved independence
Río de la Plata (1816)
New Granada (1811)
Peru
Battle of Ayacucho (1824)
14 countries by 1825
independence process was violent
Leaders
José de San Martín
22 years in Spanish army
crossed the Andes with his troops
he supported not strong men, but strong civil power
Simón Bolívar
rich criollo
descendants of the conquistadors
liberal ideas
wanted unified America
never achieved
Other reasons
criollos
marginalisation
interference from Great Britain
sell its products in Latin America
influence of liberalism and independence
Urban development
Caracas, Mexico City, Quito...
Consequences of the emancipation
political
military imposed
led to caudillismo
frequent coups d’état
authoritarian leaderships
on civil governments
republic
economical
Spain lost
markets supplied by products from the Iberian Peninsula
source of precious metals
Spain’s economic replaced
by Great Britain and United States
no true economic independence
social
slavery was abolished
continued to be discriminated
lower classes
indigenous people
black slaves
criollos obtained political power
consolidated economic power
Napoleonic invasion
cabildos formed juntas locales
juntas marked the start of independence
criollos
demanded these juntas to be open
The Unification Of Italy
Italy
capital was Rome
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, king of Piedmont, was crowned
moderate political regime
parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872)
wanted a unified Italy
democratic system
deep social reforms
with a republican
founder of newspaper and movement Giovine Italia
was a Carbonari
Cavour (prime minister of Piedmont)
Naples and Sicily were occupied
nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi
annexed to Piedmont
pontiff did not recognise it
diplomatic conflict began
Lateran Treaty (1929): resolved it
pope
confined to Vatican City
had to renounce the Papal States
allied with the French
defeated the Austrians
battles of Magenta and Solferino in 1859
duchies were added to Piedmont
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882)
handed the territory to the king
led volunteers known as ‘red shirts’, to conquer the south
Mid-19th century
different political systems
divided into many territories
Austria
Milan and Venice
richest region
Naples and Sicily
governed by the Bourbon dynasty
central area
The duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena
Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States
capital in Rome
Piedmont-Sardinia
north-west
ruled by the Savoy dynasty
Italians felt part of a unit
