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05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
1 NATION AND NATIONALISM
Nationalism influenced by different causes.
Napoleon andt the congress of Vienna
Development of the liberal economy
Liberalism
different types of nationalist movements
independence movements
unifying movements
after liberal revolution, was used to describe human communities with shared cultural traits and that were sovereign or aspired to be by constituting a nation-state
Before 19th century
‘nation’ expressed different realities
Lord Byron (1788–1824)
2 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
urban development was also another reason.
INDEPENDENCE AND FORMATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN STATES
Fernando VII refused to make changes in the colonies
major revolt broke out in Mexico in 1810
independence process was violent
The country proclaimed its independence after the Battle of Ayacucho (1824).
LEADERS OF LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
José de San Martín (1778-1850)
Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)
establishment of the juntas marked the start of the road to independence for Latin American nations.
People, most of whom were criollos, demanded the juntas be open, and not only be for the colonial authorities.
Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 had repercussions in Latin America
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EMANCIPATION OF LATIN AMERICA
Political consequences
Social consequences.
Economic consequences
3 THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
After Napoleonic Wars, German Confederation replaced Holy Empire
German Confederation had an assembly, called the Diet, which was chaired by the Austrian emperor.
1834 :Prussia took the initiative and created the Zollverein or Customs Union, excluding the Austrians
Bismarck planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
French defeated at the Battle of Sedan and the Prussians occupied Paris, declare the Second German Empire in 1871
OTTO VON BISMARCK (1815–1898)
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
4 THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
Pope renounce Papal States and was confined to Vatican City
The result was a unified country, with a moderate political regime and parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage.
Naples and Sicily were occupied by nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy was crowned king of a country
Cavour allied with the French and defeated Austrians at the battles of Magenta and Solferino in 1859.
Italians were divided into many territories with different political systems.
Naples and Sicily in the south
rest of the north was occupied by Austria
duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena located in central area
In the north-west: Piedmont-Sardinia
LEADERS OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882)
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872
