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05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, favour economic growth,…
05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
NATION AND NATIONALISM
influenced by
Napoleon, Congress of Vienna
organise map of Europe with their interests
liberal economy
internal markets free of privileges
barriers to trade
uniform laws
liberalism
legitimacy of state power in national sovereignty and citizenship
great monarchies: absolutes, people felt liberal, nationalist
nationalist movements
unifying movements
common culture, same state, different political units
independence movements
try to achieve independence from Ottoman Empire
nation
sovereign or aspired by constituting a nation-state
human communities, shared cultural traits
Old monarchies, empires, principalities-> nation-states
THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
people demanded to be open
mark the start of the road to independence
cabildos or governments (America): juntas locales as government bodies
urban development
influence of liberalism
independence
marginalisation of criollos
interference from Great Britain
LEADERS OF LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
José de San Martín
Simón Bolívar
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EMANCIPATION OF LATIN AMERICA
social
criollos
obtain political power
consolidat economic power
Slavery was abolished
former black slaves
indigenous people
lower classes
political
military imposed itself on civil governments
new system of government republic
led to caudillismo, frequent coups d’état
economic
economic dependence replaced by
Great Britain
United States
Latin America not economic independence
Spain lost source of precious metals, markets
independence was violent
major revolt in Mexico in 1810
rebellions led by Bolívar and San Martín
Fernando VII refused to make changes, some were independent
gain independence after the Battle of Ayacucho (1824), 14 countries by 1825
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck led the unification in an authoritarian way
1866: Austria was defeated at the Battle of Sadowa
war on Denmark in 1864: Schleswig and Holstein
1834: Prussia create Zollverein or Customs Union, excluding Austrians
encourage middle class to fight for unification
promote economic development
Second German Empire: 1871
Prussians occupy Paris
universal manhood suffrage
Diet
German Confederation's assembly
opposed to liberalism and nationalist movements
Bismarck plan annexation
Lorraine
Alsace
German Confederation replace the Holy Empire
eastern part, Kingdom of Prussia maintain political and military organisation
south: Austrian Empire, the German Confederation
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
pope: renounce Papal States, confined to Vatican City
1929: Lateran Treaty
parliamentary monarchy
censitary suffrage
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy: king
Naples, Sicily occupied by Garibaldi
Cavour allied with French, defeat Austrians: battle of Magenta and Solferino in 1859
many territories, different political systems
Naples, Sicily: Bourbon dynasty monarchy
north occupied by Austria, richest region
Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States, central, capital: Rome
north-west, Piedmont-Sardinia, Savoy dynasty
LEADERS OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872)
unified Italy republican, democratic system, social reforms
unification process moderate: Cavour’s intervention
Carbonari, founder newspaper and movement Giovine Italia (Young Italy)
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882)
hand over the territory to Piedmont-Sardinia
led his volunteers (‘red shirts’) conquer south
favour economic growth, industrialisation
.
.
.
continued to be discriminated
.
.
.
declare themselves independent
.
OIHANE TXARROALDE 4.E 23
