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Chapter 27 Amines, amino acids and polymers - Coggle Diagram

- - - - simplest aliphatic amine: Methylamine, CH3NH2 (CH3 attached to nitrogen
    - - simplest aromatic amine: Phenylamine, C6H5NH2 (phenyl group, C6H5, attached to nitrogen)
  - - - if amine group in middle, use prefix amino-, number position
    - - two or more different groups attached to nitrogen
  - - - formed by proton on acid replaced by alkylammonium ion
  - - - ammonia has lone pair of electrons on nitrogen (nucleophile)
        
        substitution reaction with haloalkane
        
        produces ammonium salt
        
        aqueous alkali (NaOH) added to generate amine from salt
      - Conditions
        
        ethanol: used as solvent. prevents substitution of haloalkane by water to produce alcohols
        
        excess ammonia: reduces further substitution of amine group to form secondary and tertiary amines
      - product contains lone pair on nitrogen that can react further haloalkane to form secondary amine
    - - forms an ammonium salt
      - secondary amine obtained from salt by reacting product with sodium hydroxide
      - tertiary amine by further reaction of secondary amine
      - React excess primary amine with haloalkane to form secondary amine salt, add NaOH to release
  - - - react with excess NaOH to produce aromatic amine
      - tin and HCl act as reducing agent
- - - - weak acid that partially ionsies in water
    - - nitrogen atom has lone pair and act as base
    - - act as base and acid, COOH react with base, -NH2 react with acids
    - - two functional groups exchange a proton and make an internal salt
        
        -COOH donates a proton to amine group
      - two charges cancel out, no charge on molecule
    - - low pH, large H+, only amine group is charged
      - high pH, low H+, carboxylic acid is charged
  - - - aqueous alkalis: (NaOH or KOH) to form salt + water (neutralisation)
      - alcohol: heat with alcohol in presence of conc sulfuric acid. carboxylic group esterified, producing ester. acidic conditions protonate amine group of the ester
      - carbonates: neutralisation produces salt, water and carbon dioxide producing effervescence
      - metal oxides: bases so neutralisation occurs. H on COOH exchange for metal ion to form metal salt + water
    - - acid: amine group accepts a proton producing ammonium salt
- - - - CONH functional group