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Devolution - Coggle Diagram
Devolution
Wales
Government of Wales Act 1998: set up Welsh Assembly, lacking primary legislative powers, but had the ability to devise secondary legislation in specified areas, including agriculture, education and housing.
Government of Wales Act 2006: request fruther powers from Westminster gaining primary legislative powers if approved by a referendum.
Set up the proper executive body, The Welsh Assembly Government.
2011 Referendum: Gained the power to enact primary legislation in 20 devolved areas of policy such as health, transport. ‘Yes’ 64% to enabling of making laws on all matters of the 20 subject areas Wales has powers for.
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Wales passed an ‘opt out’ system for organ donation in 2015, with hi was adopted by England in 2020.
Wales Act 2014:
First major transfer of tax raising powers to the Welsh Government , including stamp duty, business rate sand landfill tax.
Wales Act 2017:
Further transfer of improtant powers to Wales , considerably more primary legislative powers in additional policy areas and ecltoral system (subject to a 2/3 majority in the government)
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Put Welsh Devolution roughly on the same footing as Scotland, aside from policing and justice.
Example: M4 Relief Road
July 2020, Johnson announced road to reduce traffic congestion which he believed to be having a negative impact on business investment in the area.
The Welsh Government had scrapped a plan after declaring a climate emergency back in 2019 as they stated it would encourage traffic levels and carbon emissions.
the PM had no say on the matter as transport was and natively devolved issue.
Uniquely, the Senedd has additional authority ove over legislation concerning the use and role of the Welsh language.
Scotland
Scotland Act 1998: Gave the Scottish Parliament primary legislative powers in a number of domestic areas.
It could vary income tax by up to 3p in the point (The Scottish Variable Rate)
Scotland Act 2012: Transferred significant tax rates powers, able to raise or lower rates by 10p in the pound.
Developed stamp duty and landfill taxes, set up its won tax authority.
Allowed the Scottish govt to borrow up to £5 billion.
Scotland Act 2016: authority over equal opportunities,a Briton law, speed limits and gaming machines,
Significant as alllows for more cultural difference between nations.
Create income tax rates across any number of bands.
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Northern Ireland
Collapse of power sharing agreement between the DUP (green energy scandal) and Sinn Fein led to the suspension between 2017-20.
Deep division over the introduction of an Irish language Act.,
During the his time, it was largely governed by civil servants.
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Directly governed by Westminster, with the British Army having a large peace-keeping presence
Again, highly criticised by nationalists.
Following ceasefire in 1995 (including the Provisional IRA) led to negotiation involving the NI parties, Irish government and UK governments.
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Promised return of devolved government , designed to embed peace process.
Promoted parity and esteem, removal of British Army troops, civil rights measures and release for convicted paramilitary terrorists.
Approved by referendum approved by 71% in 1998 allowing the creation of the Northern Ireland Assemby and Executive
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England
Given the relative success of devolution in the regions, England too should have its own devolved parliament
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Although no formal devolution exists, local government institutions does exist in an extensive structure.
Directly elected mayors, regional police and crime commissioners.
Introduction of directly elected mayors are not met with mass enthusiasm
- 2002, 2005, 2009 Hartlepool elected H’Angus the Monkey (Hartlepool Town Football Club mascot), independent Stuart Drummond)
No primary legislative powers, only can dea with powers delegated by central government.
57 unitary councils, 25 county councils. 32 London Boroughs
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Current tendency towards merging smaller units, reflects lack fo self determination and power enjoyed by local councils in England.
Revenue raising powers are extremely restricted, mostly relying their funding on a block grant from central government.
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Devolution is the delegation of some governmental powers, known as devolved powers, away from the centre to the regions which have their own elected assemblies that make many laws themselves.
Certain policy matters such as trade, defence and foreign policy are restrained by Westminster, termed reserved powers.
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Differs to federalism as, in theory, powers given away by parliament could be reclaimed.
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