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Y9 Biology Assessment, Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen ->Water + Carbon…
Y9 Biology Assessment
Cells
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Organelles
Nucleas: Controls the cell and contains genetic material (DNA/deoxyribonucleic acid -> code for proteins) Cytoplasm: Where chemical reactions take place. Jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place. Cell Membrane:Controls movement of substances in and out of cell. Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration. Release of energy (glucose) Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis (make)
Cell Wall: Gives the cell support and structure made from cellulose (sugars). Chloroplasts: Contains green pigment called chlorophyll (absorbs sunlight). Site of photosynthesis. Permanent Vacuole: Contains cell sap. Keeps the cell rigid.
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Specialised Cells
Specialised Cell: A cell that has specific organelles and a specific shape to perform a partcuillar function.
Root Hair: Plant - Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil - Large surface area and no chloroplasts.
Phloem Cell: Plant - Carry sugars around the plant - End plates (movement of sugar minerals through the plant).
Palisade Cell: Plant - Carry out photosynthesis - Found in top of leaf, packed with chloroplasts.
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Sperm Cell: Animal - Carry male genetic material - Tail to help swim, lots of mitochondria, Acrosome ( break into egg), streamlined head.
Muscle Cell: Animal - Contract to enable movement - Lots of mitochondria (release energy for movement), they can slide over each other.
Red Blood Cell: Animal - Transport oxygen around the body - Large surface area, haemoglobin, no nuclear, biconcave shape
Nerve Cell: Animal - Send electrical impulses around the body - Long to transfer signals quickly, branched endings, insulated with fat (MyelinSheath)
Ciliated Cell: Animal - Sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria back up the throat - Line all the air passages in lungs, tiny hairs called cilia
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Chromosomes
DNA
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DNA Fingerprinting
The chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the same - the only difference is the order of the base pairs in each person's DNA that every person has a different sequence.
DNA fingerprinting uses differences in DNA sequences to identify a specific individual. It is also known as genetic fingerprinting or DNA profiling.
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How It Works
Enzyme are used to cut out specific sequences of DNA. Th different lengths are then arranged in order of length using gel electrophoresis
Once the DNA sequences are ordered, they are labelled so that they show up when photographed.
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Diffusion
Diffusion: The movement of particles from a place where they are in a high concentration to a place of low concentration. The particles move down a concentration gradient.
Concentration: Concentration of a substance means the number of particles of a substance present in a volume, space or area
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Osmosis
The diffusion of water
It's the movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane
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Active Transport
Active Transport is the movement of particles from an area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane. This process requires energy.
Example in plants: Plants use active transport in their roots. They move mineral ions from the soil, where there is a low concentration, to the roots where there is a high concentration.
Example in animals: Animals use active transport in the small intestine. Sometimes the small intestine has a lower concentration of glucose than the blood. However, the glucose must still diffuse into the blood stream.
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