Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

class differences in achievement - Coggle Diagram

- - - - SPEECH CODES: - BERNSTEIN 1975 distinguishes between 2 types of speech codes:
        
        RESTRICTED CODE( w/c) - limited vocabulary, and is based often on short, unfinished, simple sentences. single word or gestures used. context-bound - assumes listener shares same set of experiences
        
        ELABORATE CODE( m/c): wide vocabulary range and is based on longer, complex sentences. context free- doesn't assume listener shares same experiences and so use language to spell out their meanings explicitly.
        
        These differences in speech code give middle class children advantage at school because the elaborated code is the language used by the teachers, textbooks and exams
        
        Early socialisation into elaborated code means middle class children are fluent users of the code when they start school, thus they feel ‘at home’ in school and are more likely to succeed
        
        Working class children, lacking the code in which schooling takes place are likely to feel excluded and to be less successful
    - - PARENTING STYLE:
        
        educated parents parenting style emphasises consistent discipline & high expectations of their children
        
        less educated parents parenting style= harsh, inconsistent discipline that emphasises 'doing as you're told' , preventing children from learning independence leading to poorer motivation and problems interacting with teachers.
      - USE OF INCOME: - Educated parents have higher income and spend it in ways that promote their children educational success. eg through buying educational toys, books etc
      - PARENTS EDUCATIONAL BEHAVIOURS: - educated parents more aware of what is needed to assist their children educational progress eg helping with hw, or reading to them
- - - - Tanner et al (2003) found that the cost of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators and sports, music and art equipment places a heavy burden on poor families. As a result poor children may have to make do with second hand, cheaper equipment, resulting in isolation, stigmatisation or bullying.
      - Ridge found that children in poverty take on jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds, leaving less time for studies
    - - Reay (2005) found that working class students were more likely to apply to local universities so they could live at home and save on travel costs, but that this gave them less opportunities to go on to the highest status universities.