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LINKAGES BETWEEN ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORISM EXPLAINED BY ATRISHEKHAR -…
LINKAGES BETWEEN ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORISM EXPLAINED BY ATRISHEKHAR
Organised Crime can be further classified into two categories
Traditional Organised Crime
Non-traditional Organised Crime
According to The FBI,
"organized crime as any group having some manner of a formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities.
The Organized Crime Convention does not define organized crime as
organized crime’s illicit activities are often changing and a definition would quickly become outdated
it defines -structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting
in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences
though this is criticized as narrow defination
The Organized Crime Convention also lays out a definition for the transnational aspect of
organized crime.
(a) it is committed in more than one State;
(b) it is committed in one State but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in another State;
(c) It is committed in one State but involves an organized criminal group that engages in criminal activities in more than one State; or
(d) It is committed in one State but has substantial effects in another State.
Historically, a fanatical sect of Ismaili Shiite Muslims active between the eleventh and
thirteenth centuries in Syria and Iran provides the first known link between drugs and terrorist crimes
The very name “assassins” is thought to derive from Arabic hashishin, the drug that reportedly used before engaging on their murderous missions of assassinations by dagger
Until this day, some terrorists (e.g. in Kashmir) are fired up by drugs as they are sent to commit acts of terrorism
Components
The Criminal groups
The Protectors
The Specialist support
Characteristics of organised Crime
Continuity
The crime gang is not an end in itself. Survivorship and succession are characteristics of these criminal gangs.
Structure
A host of interdependent individual sub-gangs are assigned specifc tasks which eventually serve the organisations’ objective.
The hierarchical ranks in the organisation are based on power that one yields and proximity to the leader.
Membership
To become a core member of the criminal gang one has tobelong to an ethnic gang or should have a criminal background or should bedriven by mutual interest or should be really close with the leader.
Scrutiny and probation are crucial parts of member recruitment. Potential members have to prove their worth and loyalty to become part of the criminal gang.
To that end, they are required to perform daring risky tasks. Money, economic benefts, power and prestige are given in return for being loyal.
Criminality
Their main source of income is crime. They may indulge in legitimate and illegitimate businesses to earn income
Illegitimate businesses include extortion, kidnapping, murder, intimidation, robbery, flesh trade, drug peddling, smuggling, etc.
Violence
Violence is targeted at individuals or property. Most of the violence is carried out in open for people to see or is done in such a way so as to create an identity.
Intimidation
The threat is both to people andgovernment officials. Intimidation is often also employed to forcecompromises or settlements in inter- and intra-gang disputes
Public disorder
They resort to such acts to show that they are in power and not the government. Panic among the public is the motive behind such public disorder.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EXACERBATING ORGANISED CRIME
Increasing demands of illegal goods in the global market like trade of Human organs, endangered wildlife, drugs
etc
Geographical terrain and open borders
The globalisation of the economy has definitely helped the crime syndicates carry out their illegal activities across
the borders with great ease
Unholy nexus between politicians, bureaucrats and criminals
Technology also helped them to operate safely hence reducing their risk.
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN COMBATING ORGANISED CRIME
No Specific law
Anonymity of leadership
Lack of Resources
No Central Agency
Trans-national presence
Poor criminal justice system
In September 2003, the United Nations (UN) Security Council noted in its Resolution 1373
“the close connection between international terrorism and transitional organized crime, illicit drugs money laundering, illegal arms – trafficking, and illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological
and other potentially deadly materials”
Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
latest in NARCO-TERRRORISM
it might be argued that the difference in emphasis matters little since the concept of narco-terrorism
can be seen as a mid-way convergence of two phenomena drug trafficking and terrorism
Financing terrorism through money laundering is a very complex process involving various relations that are aimed at attempting or a successful ensuring or collecting funds or property, with the intention of using it, in whole
Pakistan has started to fund terror organisations by pushing narcotics and drug
money into J&K and Punjab.
The Afghan variety of drug is being pumped into Kashmir, via Pakistan, which is further pushed into Punjab via Jammu.
Army intelligence sources are also said to have established strong links between Kashmiri terrorists and drug trafficking in Punjab.
Terrorism and Trafficking in Weapons
Links between Terrorism, Crime and
Trafficking in Cultural Property/Antiquities
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Kidnapping for Ransom and Terrorism
Exploitation of Natural Resources and
Terrorism
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CRIME AND TERRORISM
5 more items...
The Taxation of Illicit Charcoal Trafficking Somalia and Eritrea by Al-Shabaab
3 more items...
Oil
2 more items...
Between 2008 and 2014, Al-Qaida and its direct affiliates made at least $125 million in revenue
from kidnappings, $66 million of which was collected in 2013 (Callimachi, 2014).
The terrorist organization Abu Sayyaf (ASG) has used kidnapping for ransom as a tactic to
fund its activities in the Philippines
ASG’s history of engaging in both criminal and terrorist activity makes it an interesting case study to examine the crime-terror linkages
The link between terrorism and drug trafficking has been the matter of analysis for a long time, but only recent activities by ISIS and Boko Haram have drawn the attention of the international community to human trafficking.
Currently, human trafficking is not only a method of collecting revenue for terrorist organizations but also a way to achieve other objectives, such as: increase of manpower, sexual abuse, intimidation/harassment, etc.
Trafficking for sexual exploitation and for forced labour are the most prominently detected forms, but trafficking victims can also be exploited in other ways.
Victims are trafficked to be used as beggars, for forced or sham marriages, benefit fraud, production of pornography or for organ removal.
Abduction, rape, sexual slavery, enslavement and other such
acts have been used by terrorist groups to subjugate populations and advance their ideologies
Boko Haram (Nigeria) and Al-Shabaab (Somalia) have been documented trafficking children into soldier/fighter roles, as well as using them to carry out suicide bombings
ISIL recently justified its enslavement of women “as an act of protection”
Women trafficked through the ISIL market are referred to as
“Sabaya” meaning slave
and are bought by wholesalers who photograph them and advertise them to potential buyers
The institutional use of
rape (sexual slavery) as a form of worship
is a relatively new
development in ISIL practice.
Joining ISIL
provides young men with a way to get “married” and have access to women
theological justification for enslaving and raping women and girls,
ISIL uses women and girls
as “a reward for carrying out services for the community -slaves are presented as
compensation to fighters.”
The Yazidi people in Iraq practice a polytheistic oral religion and have long suffered
discrimination
Nadia Murad Basee Taha, survivor of trafficking at the hands of ISIL and UNODC
Goodwill
Ambassador since 2016, has met with various Heads of State and global leaders to raise the plight of Yazidi victims of trafficking. In 2018 she was a corecipient of Nobel peace prize
Yazidi woman held hostage for 10 years in Gaza rescued in Israel, US operationShe was kidnapped at 11, forced to marry a Hamas fighter and held for a decade ,oct -24
Terrorist groups seem to have increasingly taken up trafficking in illicit antiquities and cultural
property to fund their operations, support recruits and acquire weapons.
antiquities are not only a source of revenue generation for terrorists, but they also have
symbolic value
By destroying and/or removing symbolic representations of
culture, terrorist groups effectively undermine the State/nationalism and attack the morale of local populations/peoples through a type of “cultural cleansing”
four-stage network supply chain model
(i) the looting occurs, most often in an area where conflict exists or that is economically
depressed;
(ii) early-stage middlemen/intermediaries specializing in the procurement and transit of illicit antiquities/cultural property work with organized criminal groups to traffic objects from the source countries
; (iii) a late stage intermediary launders the objects after transit, creates export licenses and false provenance and then brings the objects to the legitimate global market;
(iv) the objects enter the legal market via international brokers in the transit country, or arrive in the hands of the collector.
Terrorists are
increasingly using automatic weapons to perpetrate attacks and there is a growing concern that organized criminal groups are supplying terrorists with weapons
Examples & reports
Tunisian authorities have seized arms and ammunition caches trafficked from Libya by
organized commercial smugglers and financed by terrorist groups linked to Al-Qaida, a
the ISIL inspired terrorist attacks carried out in Paris in November 2015, which resulted in 137 people killed and more than 410 injured, extremist opened fire with Kalashnikov and other types of assault rifles, which ended up in the criminal market as a result of cross-border trafficking (Flemish Peace Institute, 2018).
The very concept is of a dual nature, depending on whether the emphasis is put on drug trafficking or on terrorism.
As highlighted in UNODC’s 2018 World Drug Report, cannabis continues to be the most widely
produced and consumed drug around the world, while cultivation of both opium poppy and coca bush show a marked increase
Several terrorist organizations as well as paramilitary organizations have all been cited in
scholarly material as being associated with the drug trade
Examples & reports
A 2016 report
commissioned by the European Union associated
Al-Shabaab
with heroin trafficking,
In 2013, cocaine to the value of $1.25 billion was reported to have been trafficked through
West Africa to Europe amid rising concern over the possibility of
Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb’s
86% of the world’s opium cultivation takes place
in Afghanistan (UNODC (a), till 2018)
In 2006, Khan Mohammed was a member of the Taliban and was assisting a former Taliban
official, Abdul Rahman, with a plot to attack NATO’s airfield in Jalalabad. Mohammed
intended to use the proceeds of heroin and opium sales to purchase rockets to carry out the attack
Reports indicate an
emerging new crime-terror nexus in Europe, t
ypified by a merging of
terrorist and criminal milieus in Europe with both terrorist and criminal groups
recruiting individuals from the same pool of people
with similar social networks
up to 40% of terrorist plots in Europe are part-financed by means of “petty
crime” involving, in particular, drug-dealing
The
Pakistani Drug Syndicate runs a parallel economy
in connivance with political and military establishments to destabilise India.
According to the UNDCP Report Pakistan's heroin industry in terms of turnover is estimated at
approximately Rs. 74 billion
i.e. 5 per cent of it's GDP of 1992-93, which is 20-25 per cent of the total estimated shadow economy
Narcotics have been an important source of income for tribals at the Pak-Afghanistan border since time immemorial.
It did not emerge as a socio-economic and political problem until 1978. Opium produced in this region was consumed locally. No one cared or thought about it as a threat.
The problem started with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan followed by the US-Pak joint counter-intervention.
Cultivation of poppy and cannabis was encouraged during the military dictatorship of Zia-ul-Haq to finance terrorist activities in India.
There is not even an iota of doubt that the Pakistan government in collaboration with the ISI uses proceeds of illicit narcotic drugs and small arms trade to fund terrorism in India.
Pakistan also aims to create ethnic division in the social fabric of the country by exploiting the religious sentiments and economic backwardness of Muslims in the bordering states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and other states
The ISI often allures the poverty ridden Muslim population of these states, at times others as well, into illicit narcotic drugs trade to fund terrorist activities in India
Another factor that could also lead towards this thesis, though not a significant one, is the
decline of dacoity and robbery cases, which used to be one of the many sources for funding terrorism in India during this preparatory phase
of militancy in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir
The economy of narcotics producing countries is dependent on the illegal drugs trade. Unless they have an alternative economy the illicit narcotic drugs trade would continue irrespective of strict legislation.
Afghanistan is the biggest illicit opium producing country in the world. Poppy cultivation is done in 18 out of the total 31 provinces of Afghanistan.The cultivation is done in an organised form under the Taliban controlled administration
Terrorism needs huge sums of money to carry out its operation. Since it is difficult to acquire that sum from official and legal sources, terrorists approach drug syndicates and underworld dons for cooperation.
The criminal dons and drug smugglers too find the proposal attractive because it gives them an opportunity to collaborate with aspirants of political power (terrorists) and thereby gives them access to politics in due course of time. The criminalisation of politics is the result of the same nexus.
some of migrant paths are same as drug trafficking
paths
and conflicts places what gives us clearer picture for connection between migration,
Organized
Crime Groups
Material
benefit
New
production
Lack of financiers
of their activities and economic
benefit
Terrorist
Organization
Political
goal
Arms
LINKAGES
Jammu and
Kashmir
Money laundering and Hawala transactions took place in the state in order to fund the terrorist activity.
Fake currency is used for the payment of terrorists.
Terrorists as couriers for fake currency in the state
North-East
Region
Extortion, kidnapping etc. are main sources to generate money for funding insurgency in the
region
Terrorists provide courier services for organised criminal groups like illegal drugs and illegal
arms etc.
LWE Affected
Areas
Extortion is yet again a common phenomenon.
They have also indulged in robberies of banks to fund their movement.
There have also been reports of cuts being enforced on drug yielding crops in the region.
Challenges
Inadequate Legal Structure
Slow Pace of Trials & Low Conviction Rate
Difficulties in Obtaining Proof:
Lack of Resources & Training
Lack of Coordination
Criminal, Political & Bureaucratic Nexus
MEASURES
GOVT INITIATIVES
Setting up of Anti-Trafficking Nodal Cell
Rehabilitation centre for Women and Children
NATGRID for intelligence gathering
Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA)
The National Investigation Agency Act, 2008:
Narcotics Drug Psychotropic Substances Act
NATIONAL POLICY ON NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES 2014
Article 47 of the Constitution provides that ‘the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health’
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has prepared a National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) for 2018-2025.
Nasha Mukt Bharat: Annual Action Plan (2020-21) for 272 most affected districts.
India is a signatory to the three UN Conventions namely, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 and Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988
India launched BIMSTEC Conference on Combating Drug Trafficking, an important platform for the Partner
Nations to share ideas and exchange best practices required to combat the drug menace in the region
UN CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME (UNTOC)-UNTOC is the main international instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime.
Variants of organized crime
Arms trafficking.
Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking
Narcotics trafficking
Human smuggling
Money laundering
Illegal Immigration
Contract Killings
Prostitution
Fake currency
Gold smuggling
Maritime piracy
Extortion
Cybercrime .