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Cultural Variation - Coggle Diagram
Cultural Variation
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EVALUATION
!STRENGTH!
indigenous researcher
- most studies conducted by indigenous researchers
- these are researchers from the same cultural background as participant
- this kind of research means many of potential problems in cross cultural research can be avoided - such as researchers misunderstanding of language used by participants or having difficulties communicating instructions to them
- difficulties can include bias as 1 of one's nations stereotype of another
- means there is an excellent chance that researchers & participants communicated successfully - enhancing validity of data collected
HOWEVER
-not been true of all cross-cultural attachment research
- e.g. Morelli & Tronick (1991) were outsiders from America when they studied child-rearing & patterns of attachment in Efe of Zaire
- their data might have been affected by difficulties in gathering data from participants outside their own culture
- means that the data from some countries might have been affected by bias & difficulty in cross cultural communication
!LIMITATION!
confounding variables
- impact of confounding variables on findings
studies conducted in different countries are not usually matched for methodology when they are compared in reviews/meta-analysis
- sample characteristics (e.g. poverty, social class * urban.rural make up) can confound results, as can age of participants studies in different countries
- environmental variables may also differ between studies & confound results
- means that looking at attachment behaviour in different non-matched studies conducted in different countries may not tell us anything about cross-cultural patterns of attachment
!LIMITATION!
imposed etic
-trying to impose a test designed for 1 cultural context to another context
- cross-cultural psychology includes ideas of emic (cultural uniqueness) & etic (cross-cultural univesality)
- imposed etic occurs when we assume an idea or technique that works in 1 cultural context will work in another
- means behaviours measured by strange situation may not have same meanings in different cultural contexts, & comparing them across cultures is meaningfulness
Van Ljzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)
- also found differences within cultures
- e.g. 1 of the Japanese studies showed no avoidant attachment, whereas second found around 20% which is similar to Ainsworth's findings
- e.g. USA 1 study found only 46% securely attached compared to 1 sample as high as 90%
- demonstrates that it is an over-simplification to assume that all children are brought up in exactly the same way within a country/culture
Collectivist Culture:
- emphasis on group effort & cooperation
- focus on interpersonal development of infants
- more favourable reaction to obedience & social behaviour
- less anti-social behaviour
Individualist Cultures
- emphasis on personal achievement
- focus on depending initiative in infants
- mothers react favourably to independence
- more anti-social behaviour