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Overcoming environmental threats from land use - Coggle Diagram
Overcoming environmental threats from land use
within agriculture
biodiversity
plant protein meat and dairy substitutes
limit destruction of forest land
bird populations
enhance insect populations
farm management
maximise key insect populations
to aid birds living on the farmland
via
increase area of non-cropped habitat
1 more item...
organic agriculture
builds habitat heterogenity
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rewilding
reintroduction of keystone and charismatic species in uplands
Beavers, Golden Eagles and Lynx
wildlife tourism benefits
land use change
conversion of secondary habitat (logged forrests and plantations) or other managed ecosystems (e.g. pastures) to reduce number of species lost by more than 90% (EAT Lancet)
technologies and management-related changes reduces cropland expansion (EAT Lancet)
75% reduction compared to business as usual (global)
biodiversity conservation in agriculture
land-sparing
both external and internal to food production systems
biodiversity necessary for
pollination
pest control
carbon capture
reg water quality
riparian buffer strips
flower field margins
examining, realising and educating the benefits
intergrated pest and disease management benefits (ref 331 EAT Lancet)
increased biodiversity corresponding with increased natural enemies
increase yield
natural pollination (ref 332 EAT Lancet)
ecological connectivity
increase ecological connectivty b/t environmentally friendly managed and protected areas
land sharing and land sparing in agriculture for biodiversity conservation
'successful management of multifunctional landscapes requires combination o context-specfic land-sharing and land-sparing measures within spatially well-connected mosaics, re sulting in land-sharing/sparing connectivity landscapes' (Grass, Loos, Barnsch, 2018)
y
climate change
plant meat and dairy substitutes
reduce global GHG's (a global priority)
sequestration
measures (EAT Lancet)
incorp organic wastes into soil
raise momentum in these areas through policy support.
low/no tillage
nitrogen-fixing cover plants
replacing annuals with perrenial crops and pastures
agroforestry
buffer strip creation
some farmland with natural vegetation
10% conservation land in agriculture
soil health
pollution
land sparing
set aside 15% of land
natural solutions to filter, reduce dissolve nitrates/phophate etc pollution downstream
precision fermentation
Food is the single strongest lever to optimise human health and environmental sustainability on earth
food waste strategy
solutions
combination
public policy
actions (EAT report_
imporve food transport
improve post harvest infrastructure
improve process and packing
increasing collab across supply chain
training and equiping producers/suppliers
educating consumers
technological across supply chain
halve food losses
impacts
reduce water use by 13%
increase N and P efficiency (ref 236 )
economics
agricultural land use size
zero-expansion policy (both domestic and international land footprint)
international land use gov mechanisms
reduce N + P losses
practices purported by EAT Lancet report
approach to agri management
sustainable intensification
improve livestock management(ref 235-237 in EAT Lancet)
rotational grazing
field margin management
riparian forests (ref 324)
improve manure management
use efficiently (ref 235-237 in EAT Lancet)
recycling
arable management
tech driven improvements in use efficiencies (ref 234 of EAT lancet)
including precision agriculture
scale up
subsidise
no/low tillage
crop residue management
nitrogen fixing cover crops or crop varietys with large root mass
crop density, harvest time, suistable rotation and crop variety all factors that need to be well considered to raise productivity
food production practices to maximise best on the local conditions (ref 323 from EAT Lancet report)
raise food production supply
additional measures
soil erosion control measures (ref 325-327)
e.g. buffer strips to intercept soils and nutrients
on-farm measures (ref 224)
manure storage
anaerobic digestion for adjustment of nutrient ratios to match crop needs
biogas production from manure
power on-farm machinery
large scale measure
recycling N and P
from
sewage/waste water systems
cities
agriculture
ref 214 from EAT Lancet Report
industry
central government
goverance for compliance with air and water targets related to reactive nitrogen and nitrogen oxides
dietary changes
-> few animal products (ref 236)
continuation of EU directives type scheme in UK post brexit
joined up geographical thinking
Redistributing fertiliser from over-applying to under- applying regions
improve nutrient efficiency and water quality
water loss
climate resilience
reductions
improved production practices
30% reduction
ref 187 from EAT Lancet
increased effort for water capture practices
nutritional requirements/food security
plant proteins
'right combination, plant proteins can supply sufficient amounts of essential amino acids for human health requirements'
healthy foods e.g. fruit, veg, nuts, legumes double in consumption
EAT Lancet Report
increased consumption of plant-based foods - fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and whole grains
mechanisms
'making healthy foods more accessible, available and affordable in contrast to unhealthier alternatives
improving info dissemination and food marketing
investing in public health info and sustainability education
implementing food based dietary guidelines
utilisation of health care services to provide dietary advice and interventions
more than 50% reduction in global consumption of less healthy foods e.g. added sugar and red meat
prevent food price volatility
general
ending the current perverse ecologically destructive subsidy regime
currently £3.6bn a year
intensive sheep farming
recklass use of fertiliser, pesticides and herbicides
subsidies by gov money
subs for water, fertilisers, fuels, electricity and pesticides must be imminently critically reviewed
removal of Land ownership subsidies
costs to environment and societal health from food supply should be reflected in pricing via implementing taxes
biofuel subsidies reconsidered to avoid unwanted diversion of energy to food
strong and corrdinated governance of land and oceans (EAT Lancet)
direct regulatory measures
strict protections on intact ecosystems
suspending concessions for logging in protected areas
strict protections against conversions of remaining intact ecosystems
peatlands and forests especially
additional measures
natural area conservation incentives (incl forests)
land-use zoning
regs prohibiting land clearing
beyond public sector
community forest management
promote conservation (ref 333)
effectiveness varies amongst contexts (ref 334, 335)
private sector
market-based instruments
economics
degrowth
lowering metabolism/food consumption
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652617306479
funding of appropriate technology
avoid a radical monopoly of the food system
forestry
plantations
replace exotic plantations owned by forestry commission with native woodland and open spaces delivering ecosystem services
native woodlands most diverse ecosystems in Britain
help reverse woodland bird decline
seafood industry
future expansion of seafood should be delivered via aquaculture