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Reconciliation and renewed conflict - Coggle Diagram
Reconciliation and renewed conflict
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Praque spring
Dubcek implemented liberalizing policies
action programme
basic freedom rights, including travel to western countries, more of a free market, opened borders to the west and discussions on trade agreement with west Germany
Warsaw pact invasion
due to fear of czechoslovakias exit from the warsaw pact and after a provoked split within the CPCS which would lead to a pro-soviet emergence didnt work the soviets pressured Dubcek the abandon the reforms but didnt happen leading to the invasion
civilians fought back but there was no czech military intervention
Dubček and other members of government arrested and forced to sign a repal of the reforms. New government under Husák dependent on continued Soviet military presence.
international reaction
USA
no action took due to war in vietnam
UNSC
couldnt pass a resolution, vetoed by USSR
countries
many protests
fear of similar intentions by minorities
Breshnev doctrine (november 1968)
USSR determined to keep existing communist countries in place, no ovethrows allowed
socialist countries cant be opposed to the interests of the socialist world
Changes in superpower leadership
Kennedy (1961-1963) --> Johnson (1963-1969)
From containment and policies of space race to more domestic policies and rapprochement
Khrushchev (1953-1964) --> Brezhnev (1964-1982)
from destalinisation and peaceful coexistence to the radical Brezhnev doctrine
Arms race and Detente
events leading up to detente
1949 nuclear parity
British and French having nuclear weapons
korean war 1950-1953
1962 cuban missile crisis
showed how superpowers wouldnt use nuclear weapons
Nuclear test ban treaty
Superpowers couldn’t test nuclear weapons underwater, in space or in the atmosphere
SALT I
freezing number of ballistic missile launcher
SALT II
reduction of nuclear warheads
START
set of limits on the number of warheads and “star wars
non-proflieration treaty
keep nuclear weapons with countries that already have them. Stop the spread of nuclear weapons
peace overtures in Germany and middle east
Willy Brandt as chancellor
wants west G to recognise east G and ease tensions with the USSR
west germany signs treaty recognizing borders. West Germany doesnt become part of berlin
superpowers dont want to fuel another conflict
De Gaulle makes own nuclear weapons
middle east
soviet disengagement
Egyptian president Sadat dismisses soviets from the country and secretely negotiates with the US
non-involvement of the egyptian-syrian attack on Israel
reason for detente
USA
wanted to end the vietnam war
realpolitik
focusing on bi-polar relations they would switch to more global issues
USSR
economy was stagnated --> needed to increase military. Get western resources and technology
Sino-Us agreements
sino soviet relations
worsening relationship
USSR provided aid to the PRC but china was an independant communist country
sino US relations
bad start but gradually evolved
at first the US didnt support communist China. At the end both feared the brezhnev doctrine and soviet expansionism
Cultural revolution (1966-67)
International isolation of China
sino soviet border clashes
7km border
the Brezhnev doctrine and hints an air strikes alarms the chinese of a societ attack and the chinese ambush
effects
america sides with the chinese
rapprochement
Started with the invitation to the US to play in Beijing and granting of Visas. PRC recognized in the UN and replaces nationalist China in Taiwan. PRC gains veto power. US acceptance of a one-China policy. China sends two Pandas and US sends a musk oxen. Ideas of a potential alliance to prevent USSR to consider nuclear options.