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Emotions & Affect - Coggle Diagram
Emotions & Affect
Emotions
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Components: feeling, cognitive, physiological, motor (facial), motivation (do)
Core affect (physiological)
Two dimensions
- Valence: +ve or -ve
- Arousal: activate or deactivate
Appraisal theories (cognition)
- How individual evaluates -> emotion
- Explain
** Diff emotion to same event
** Same emotion to diff events
- Decision trees / checklists
Prosocial Behaviour
Prosocial behaviour: acts valued by society
- Voluntary, benefits others, defined by norms
- Includes both...
- Helping behaviour: intentional, benefits other
- Altruism: benefits other, without expectation of gain
- Emotions: empathy
Evolutionary / Biological
- Mutualism: cooperative behaviour that benefits both
- Kin selection: biased to blood relative to propagate genes - some evidence
Biosocial
Bystander-calculus model: perceived cost/benefit of helping/not helping
- Physiologically aroused by distress
- Label as emotion
- Evaluate consequences of helping (time/effort)
- -> Altruism: helping when not distressed
Empathy: ability to feel another's experience
- Empathic concern: compassion for those in need
- Requires perspective taking: ability to see others' position from their view
- Imagine how other feels -> empathy -> altriusm
- Imagine how you would feel -> empathy + distress -> altruism + egoism
- Social role theory: women more empathetic because of socialisation
Social
Social Learning Theory
- Instructions: tell children to be helpful (and do it too)
- Reinforcement: reward helpful acts
- Modelling: copy others - more effective
- Self-attribution: believing we are helpful
Norms for helping
- Learned standard with social rewards
Reciprocity norm
- Should help those who help us
- Particularly if large, unexpected, only in return for future/past help, if reputation at stake
Social responsibility norm
- Should help those in need
- Applied selectively
Emotions in Context
Intrapersonal: within us individually
- Act quickly with little conscious awareness, e.g. disgust -> avoid milk, fear -> flee
- Prepare for action: activate & deactivate systems
- Influence thoughts: glue for memories, meaning to attitudes/beliefs/values, reduce thinking if intense
- Motivate future behaviour e.g. strive for achievements, avoid milk in future
- Signal whether things going well
Interpersonal: between individuals in group
- Expressions - signal value
- Evoke behaviour in others*, e.g. fear -> approach, anger -> avoid, anger -> fear in others, distress -> sympathy in others
- Signal nature of relationship**, e.g. relationship contempt -> dissatisfaction & divorce
- Provide incentives for behaviour: e.g. social referencing (babies on visual cliff)
Social & cultural: maintenance of social order
- Worldviews related to emotion -> cultural transmission of meaning/info -> coordination for social complexity, harmony
- Norms for desirable emotions -> regulate behaviour & relationships (which emotions to have)
- Cultural display rules -> manage & modify emotional expression (how/when to express)
Aggression
Definition: intent to harm
- Various definitions
- Personal + situational
- Emotions: frustration, anxiety
Measuring / operationalising
- Analogue (substitute) - external validity?
- e.g. punch inflated doll
- e.g. deliver electric shock
- e.g. ratings by teachers & classmates
- e.g. self-report on previous behaviour
- e.g. verbal willingness to use violence
- e.g. relational aggression (spread rumours)
Cathartic hypothesis doesn't work
- Use aggression to release emotion
- BUT doesn't work - increases aggression
Physiology
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
- Prepare body to respond to threat -> provides energy
- Activates organs & glands in endocrine system
- Pupils dilate, heartbeat accel, digestive inhibit, sugar released, epinephrine & norepinepherine released
- Activation => arousal - accompanies strong emotions
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
- Rest, digest, relax, recover
- Pupils contract, heartbeat slows, digestive stimulated
Amygdala in limbic system
- Regulates perception / reaction to fear & aggression
- Danger -> stimulates memory
- Connects to facial muscles, stress/aggression neurotransmitters
Inducing Emotions
Consumers
- Anger -> risk taking in buyers & sellers
- Fear -> conservative
Endowment effect: overvalue objects you own - sell high
- Disgust -> need to expel (no new) - sell lower, buy lower - no endowment effect -> marketers avoid disgust
- Sadness -> need to change - sell lower, buy higher - reverse endowment effect -> marketers induce sadness
Inducing emotions: watch movie, imagine what it feels like, write feelings
Individual Differences
Cross-Culture - Expressing
- Individualistic
* More self-enhancing* (pride, anger)
* More +ve when alone or personal achievements*
- Collectivist
* More other-oriented* (friendliness, shame)
* More +ve when with others*
** More attention to others' emotional tone
** Hide in public (Japan)
Experience - Gender
- Women: more open to feelings, express in public, accurate & articulate with others' feelings, clearly expressed
- Particularly emotions involving social relationships
- Biological + socialised
Arousal & Misattribution
-
Misattribution
- High arousal
-> no clear source
-> accessible cognition from environment
-> mislabel source of arousal
=> Influenced by situation
Schachter & Singer: misattribute unclear arousal (epinephrine) depending on confederate (euphoric or angry)
-
Zanna & Cooper: cognitive dissonance -> arousal
- Reason for arousal -> less dissonance -> less attitude change