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Gastrointestinal System Accessory organs, Blood, Hepatic portal vein,…

- - - - Labial (outer)
      - Palatial (inner)
      - Occlusal (contact between upper and lower teeth)
      - Mesial (in between teeth)
    - - Gingivities - calcification at root of tooth, leading to problems as pressure is asserted onto gums.
      - Tooth decay
      - Cavities
    - - Secondary tooth, 32 of them, including 4 wisdom teeth
        
        Types
        
        Canine, or cuspid
        
        Premolar, or bicuspid
        
        Molar
        
        Incisor
  - - - Fungiform papillae (like fungus)
      - Filiform papillae (like bushes)
      - Circumvallate papillae (circular-like)
    - - Ankyloglossia - tight lingual frenulum
      - Tongue lesions
      - White discoloration of the tongue
      - Tongue ulcers
  - - - Parotid duct opens opposite to upper second molar
        
        Problem - Parotid duct obstruction
      - Parotid salivary glands produce a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks down starch
      - Problem - Mumps: inflammation of the parotid glands. Bilateral swelling
    - - Sublingual salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. These glands produce a mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant
    - - Wharton's duct opens to floor of oral cavity
      - Submandibular salivary glands lie along the inner surfaces of the mandible within a depression called the mandibular groove. Cells of the submandibular glands secrete a mixture of buffers, glycoproteins called mucins, and salivary amylase. Produces mixed secretions.
    - - 99.4 % water
        
        0.6 % electrolytes (Na+, Cl−, and HCO3) buffers, glycoproteins, antibodies, enzymes, and waste
        products.
        
        1.0–1.5 litres of saliva produced each day
      - Purpose
        
        Lubricating and moistening food in the mouth and the oral cavity
        
        Dissolving chemicals that can stimulate the taste buds and provide sensory information about the food
        
        Beginning the digestion of complex carbohydrates before the food is swallowed (salivary amylase)
      - Xerostomia refers to a condition in which the salivary glands in your mouth don't make enough saliva to keep your mouth wet.
- - - - Visceral relation
        
        Oesophagus
        
        Gall bladder
        
        Right kidney (renal)
        
        Stomach (gastric)
        
        Head of pancrease
        
        Jejunum
        
        Lesser omentum
      - Porta hepatis
        The porta hepatis serves as the point of entry into the liver for the hepatic arteries and the portal vein, and the exit point for the hepatic ducts
        
        Receives arterial blood from right & left hepatic arteries from the hepatic artery proper which is a branch from celiac trunk
        
        It also receives venous blood from the hepatic portal vein for detoxification
        
        Three hepatic veins drain the liver into the inferior vena cava
        
        The hepatic lymph nodes, lying in the lesser omentum, are responsible for draining the anterior part of the liver.
        
        The posterior part drains the lymph into the phrenic and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes.
        
        The liver is innervated by hepatic plexus which contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
  - - - Hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric
        ligaments
  - - - Scar tissue, cirrhosis
        
        Jaundice
        
        Unable to manage bilirubin
      - Ascites
      - Oesophageal, gastric and rectal varices
- - - - Celiac trunk
        
        Right hepatic artery
        
        Cystic artery
    - - Cystic vein
        
        Right hepatic portal vein
  - - - bile canaliculi
        
        bile duct in portal area
        
        Right and left hepatic duct
        from right and left liver respective
        
        Common hepatic duct
    - - Cystic duct
        
        Common bile duct
        
        2nd part of duodenum, along with pancreatic duct
- - - - Inferior Vena Cava