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Class in Education (external) - Coggle Diagram
Class in Education (external)
Cultural Deprivation
Working class subcultures
Sugarman: Working class culture consists of 4 characteristics preventing children from doing well in education: collectivism, present time orientation, fatalism and immediate gratification.
The subculture is deficient and to climate for their children’s educational failures,
Conor et al: w/c students less likely to go to university because of immediate gratification. this means that students are less encouraged to try to achieve as low skilled jobs do not require excessive educational competence.
Parental Interest and capital
Douglas: Middle class parents are more interested and encouraging in their education which enabled them to reach their full potential.
Bourdieu: Middle class students possess cultural capital whereas working classes are subjected to symbolic violence due to their habitus.
Ball: skilled choosers when it comes to school performance
Speech codes
Bernstein: Working class students lack the appropriate language skills to succeed in education. Restricted and elaborated code. Restricted code is not rewarded in exams, and vocabulary used in such and in classrooms is not always understood by working class students.
Parental education and attitude
The norms and values of parents depends on social class, so the attitude towards education, and achieving to be successful is somewhat dependent on the parent. This is conveyed by how they socialise their child into certain activities and the extent of how educational these activities are. Supported by Feinstein who said that the effects of class differences are apparent before children reach nursery school.
Material Deprivation
Poor quality housing
Lack of quiet space for learning outside of the classroom (overcrowding)
Homes prone to damp can lead to illnesses preventing attendance to schools.
Fear of debt
Conor et al: working class students know they will not be able to afford university or HE so develop fatalistic idea that they will not be able to go, hence see know point in working hard in classrooms. Also, low income households may be facing a fear of debt on more than this issue, where HE is seen as less of a priority than heating or food for instance something that middle classes do not have to worry about.
Poor diet/health
Can result in students not attending school, and when in attendance can suffer from lac of focus due to a lack fo energy provided by adequate nutrition.
Hidden costs
Issues such as transportation costs , lunches, and resources may affect student’s attendance, focus in schools with lacking energy, and ability to engage in the work as a lack of books for instance means they cannot extend to home learning. lack of equipment for school can lead to sanctions in school.
Evaluation
Seems to be more significant than in-school factors
Marxists say that this is blaming working classes, instead of treating them like victims of social inequality.
Postmodernists argue that there is no longer a distinct working class or underclass today.
Treats working class as inferior, instead of just different.
The underclass welfare state creates a dependency with perverse incentives encouraging lone parenthood’s and decreasing encouragement to work.
Evaluation
This is deterministic as some working class students do succeed.
Chinese students on FSM outperform all other groups.
Even with material equality, middle class students would use cultural capital to make education work for them.