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Italy Unit 2 - Coggle Diagram
Italy Unit 2
The creation of a fascist dictatorship
Malicia (MSV)
Created Jan 1923
Oath of loyalty to M
no political power - there to strengthen control
Fascist Grand Council (Dec 1922)
22 members - chosen by M
M could control leading PNF
The Acerbo Law (1923)
RADICAL
ensured M got majority in vote
only opposed by socialists and communists
party which gained most votes in totalled constituencies allocated 2/3 seats
The Matteotti Crisis (1924)
Socialist deputy who actively spoke out against Fascist violence
Many fascists involved in the murder
M not dismissed - introduces press censorship & bans all meetings by opposition groups/parties
Press Laws
Bans on political parties
Ovra established
Mussolini and the development of Fascism
Fasci Di Combattimento (1919)
Combat group
Launch not well attended (118 socialist & some war veterans)
Party Programme (1919)
left-wing
Female suffrage, Anti-Clericalism, Republicanism, Decentralisation
Squadrismo
Socialist -= key target
Intimidated at elections
Liked by police
PNF (1921)
respectable in contrast to violent squads
legitimate political power base
membership of PNF grew quickly
The Pact of Pacification (1921)
Propaganda to make M look like peacemaker
The New Programme (1921)
anti-socialism
more compliant with the catholic church
Post-war challenges to the liberal state
Social
"Mutilated Victory"
Growing divide between lower classes and upper/middle - fear of socialism growing
Political
Extremist groups emerging
Growth of PPI & PSI
Nov 1919 election = socialist get most votes -> beginning of end for liberal gov
Economic
Bienno Rosso
1000s of strikes in both years
Northern general strike in 1920
1919 - 1920
Occupation of the factories in Sep 1920
Major increase in trade unions - mostly GCL
Economy in debt
Inflation = rise in cost of living (urban areas)
Territory
Didnt gain Fiume, Dalmatia, Colonies in T.O.L
Fiume
50% Italian speaking population
D'annunzio
Invades in 1919
Important step in growing nationalism & fascist support within Italy
Elements of Fascism introduced
Irredenta Land
Mussolini's rise to power
Manipulating political unrest
General Strike (July 1922)
Socialist
Fascists openly attack socialist, burn down Avanti! HQ, take credit for being saviours etc.
Dual Policy
Two - pronged approach -> to cater to elites
March on Rome (Oct 1922)
Propaganda victory
Glorious Coup d'etat never took place but Fascists portrayed it as that
KVE III offered M PM to stop threat of violence
Victor Emmanuel III