Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Mid-Tudor Crisis - Foreign Policy - Coggle Diagram
Mid-Tudor Crisis - Foreign Policy
late Henry VIII
scotland
England's invasion of 1542 gave Scotland demands they could not meet so England had immediate success at Battle of Solway Moss
James V died shortly after, leaving infant Mary to the throne
adopted policy of diplomatic pressure or 'rough wooing' to achieve aims
sought to marry Prince Edward to the young Mary, Queen of Scots, supported by Scottish regent Earl of Arran
yet English ambassador in Scotland reported widespread suspicion of English intentions and they refused the request of Mary growing up in England
Mary and Edward were formally betrothed in Treaty of Greenwich in 1543
Arran deserted the treaty and Scottish parliament refused to ratify it
to retaliate Henry sent Earl of Hertford on a punitive raid on Edinburgh, Leith and St.Andrews which simply antagonised Scots and served no strategic objective
henry neglected opportunity to secure with military force in 1542 and failed to heed Sadler's warnings of hostility
france
they attempted to march on Paris but led to the army confined to the vicinity of Calais, unsuccessfully besieging Montreuil
main concern was the army they gathered in 1544 so Henry set off his own despite health problems
however they did capture Boulogne which the French failed to recapture
the emperor made a separate peace with Francis I despite the alliance with Henry
English lost at Battle of Ancrum Moor 1545 French sent troops to Scotland to reinforce possible invasion of England
a French force landed in Isle of Wight and Henry's flagship
Mary Rose
sunk, making matters worse for him in 1945
peace was agreed in 1546 as neither could afford to continue, with Henry selling crown estate, debasing the coinage ad borrowing large sums to fund the conflict
French sent troops to Scotland to reinforce possible invasion of England in 1545
Somerset
aimed to assert the claim of Edward I to the throne of Scotland through the marriage of Edward VI and infant Mary queen of scots
do this by defeating in battle building and garrisoning forts in the borders and force the scots into submission
defeated the Scottish at Battle of Pinkie in september 1547
but forts were expensive and difficult to garrison and they failed to capture the castles at Dunbar and Edinburgh
also underestimates cooperation between Scotland and France and failed to block the Firth of Forth enabling the French to receive Edinburgh
the french gained control of Mary and took her to France in August 1548 to marry the Dauphin, heir to the throne
deteriorating Anlgo-French relations led to threat of war in 1549 and prospect of southern invasion when he was vulnerable due to rebellions
Northumberland
reduce expenditure on policy by ending wars against Scotland and France
ended French by returning Boulogne to them seen as a defeat
occupation of Boulogne was draining resources and French paid £133333 to recover the port
immediately improved financial position of crown - along with abandonment of English garrisons in Scotland
Mary
aims were restore England to papal supremacy and marry Philip heir to Spain
dragged into war with Spain against France and the anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV, officially declaring war in 1557 after a French landing at Scarborough led by Thomas Stafford, grandson of Duke of Buckingham
assisted Spain at successful siege of St Quentin and dealt easily with incursion into England by Scots
humiliating loss of Calais in Jan 1558 and no attempt was made to re-capture it
full-scale attack on port of Brest in summer of 1558 failed
early Elizabeth
treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 brough Anglo-French peace and agreed that France would keep Calais for 8 years and if they didn't return if after they would pay 500000 crowns
Henry II of France died in June 1559 and his son, Francis II, who succeeded was married to Mary Queen of Scots (strongest Catholic claimant to English throne)
this brought Catholic Guise faction to power in France, seeking to use Scotland as instrument of policy
french troops garrisoned Scottish fortresses, leading to conflict with John Knox and the Lord of the Congregation who requested help from English protestants
Elizabeth hated Knox and was cautious about intervening but Cecil supported intervention, sympathising with Scottish Protestants, wanting rid of northern French force, removal of Mary to weaken her Catholic influence and incorporation of Scotland to 'imperial' British State so he convinced Elizabeth to intervene, played on her insecurity and threatened to resign
initially limited to arms and money but in December 1559 the navy was sent to Firth of Forth to stop French reinforcements and Lords of Congregation were offered support at Treaty Berwick in Feb 1560, which they got in March in an army
army and navy blockaded Leith where most French troops were, the siege failed but French were forced to withdraw and were damaged by storm where Mary of Guise died
got favourable terms in Treaty of Edinburgh in July 1560
Lords of Congregation accepted as provisional conciliatory govt, Phillip II's death meant the Guises fell and Mary Stuart returned to Scotland as her influence of French policy declined
Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots) in France came in conflict in March 1562
Robert Dudley encouraged Elizabeth to put military pressure on French crown to ensure return of Calais so promised Huguenot leader (Prince of Conde) 6000 men and £30000 with control of port Le Havre for security
Conde was captured when his army defeated and the Duke of Guise was assassinated so they agreed to accept peace terms with no leaders
they united to drive the English out of Le Havre and forced them into unfavourable peace settlement in Treaty of Troyes in 1564
Elizabeth lost indemnity secured at Cateau-Cambresis and Calais permanently, significantly decreasing her image
however in the long run Calais was expensive to maintain and too tempting to use for invasion