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bones & joints, bones & joints, compare !, compare ! pg 93 -…

- - - - osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis)
        
        general characteristics pg 5
        
        3 clinical variants + pathogenesis pg 6
        
        degenerative, inflammatory & reparative activity involving articular cartilage & subarticular bone
        
        destruction of articular cartilage pg 7
        
        eburnation & thickening of subarticular bone pg 8
        
        radiological features ep 9
        
        pathological findings ep 10
      - degenerative intervertebral disc
        
        not a diagnosis, but expresses state
        
        can have multiple causes
        
        normal disc anatomy pg 13
        
        aetiology pg 13
        
        stages to disc herniation pg 14 + complications pg 15
    - - rheumatoid arthritis
        
        aka sero+ve arthritis, has antibodies such as rheumatoid factor (RF) & anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)
        
        key pathology features pg 19
        
        complications of disease pg 21
    - - gout
        
        characterised by increased serum uric acid & urate crystal deposition
        
        primary vs secondary ep 24
        
        long-term complications pg 25
        
        under polarised microscopy, can see strongly birefringent needle-shaped crystals
      - pseudogout
        
        aka chondrocalcinosis, calcium pyrophosphate crystal arthritis
        
        under polarised microscopy, crystals are rhomboid-shaped & weakly birefringent
    - - osteomyelitis (bone infection)
        
        general info pg 28
        main causative agent : staph aureus
        
        classification
        
        suppurative
        
        chronic
        
        acute
        
        **process pg 30
        
        progression pg 32-33
        
        non-suppurative
        
        chronic eg. diffuse or focal sclerosing, proliferative periostisis
        
        pg 36 Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis
        
        location: diff for adults & children pg 29
        
        complications pg 34-35
        
        tuberculous osteomyelitis pg 37-39
        
        necrotising granulomas pg 38
      - septic arthritis
        
        occurs when infection from bone extends to joint/synovium
  - - - brown tumour pg 53
    - - complications pg 59
- - - - osteosarcoma pg 69- 74
    - - fibro-osseous tumours
        
        fibrous dysplasia pg 87- 89
        
        ossifying fibroma pg 90 -92
  - - - chondrosarcoma pg 76 - 79
    - - osteochondroma pg 80
      - others eg. chondroma, chrondroblastoma, chondromyxoid firboma
- - - - axial vs peripheral?
      - single site (monoosteotic) vs polyosteotic
      - which part of bone is involved? esp. impt for primary bone tumours, diff ones in emphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis
        
        giant cell tumours in E, osteosarcoma in M, ewing sarcoma in D
  - - - "bone-forming tumours"
        
        benign
        
        osteoid osteoma/osteoblastoma
        
        osteoma
        
        fibro-osseous bone tumours (form immature bone)
        
        fibrous dysplasia
        
        ossifying fibroma
        
        malignant
        
        osteosarcoma
      - chondroid tumours
        
        benign
        
        chondroma (enchondroma)
        
        chondroblastoma
        
        chondromyxoid fibroma
        
        osteochondroma
        
        malignant
        
        chondrosarcoma
      - giant cell rich lesions
        note: overlap w diseases in other categories
        
        all benign, rarely malignant
        
        giant cell tumour of bone
        
        giant cell reparative granuloma
        
        chondroblastoma (overlap)
        
        giant cell tumour of joint
        
        brown tumour (overlap)
    - - 1. Inflammatory
        
        Degenerative
        
        Osteoarthritis
        
        Degenerative intervertebral disc
        note: not a diagnosis, j expresses state of disc
        
        Autoimmune
        
        Rheumatoid arthritis
        
        Crystal deposition
        
        Gouts & pseudogout
        
        Infection
      - 2. Infection
        note: in such cases, there will also be inflam
        
        Osteomyelitis
        
        Osteitis Fibrosa cystica
        
        Brown tumour (tumour form of OFC)
        
        Septic arthritis
      - 3. Metabolic
        
        Osteomalacia & rickets
        
        Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)