- THE STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS AND EXCLAMATIONS
2.The sentence
Types of sentences
The simple sentence
The compound sentence
The complex sentence
relationship of subordination
3 groups
Nominal clauses
Relative clauses
Adverbial clauses
Defining
Non-defining
place
time
manner
condition
purpose
result
reason
concession
Syntactic structure
Type of complementation
Patterns of sentences
Depending on the elements they contain
SV
SVDo
SVIo
SVOiOd
SVAdv
SVC
SVDoAdv
SVDoC
According to their form
Declaratives
Interrogatives
Imperatives
Exclamatives
Yes/No Questions
Wh-Questions
Alternative Questions
According to their semantic values
Statements
Questions
Directives
Exclamations
Pragmatic classification of sentences
Commissives
Declaratives
Directives
Expressives
Representatives
3. Parts of the sentence
Subject
agentive
instrumental
affected by the action
recipient role
it may express time, place and events
empty subject
Predicate
verb (V)
complement (C)
object (O)
adverbial (A)
Intensive verbs (copular verbs)
Extensive verbs
Transitive
Intransitive
Prepositional
Direct object
Indirect object
The subject complement
The object complement
adverb phrase
noun phrase
prepositional phrase
non-finite clause
adverbial clause
4. The declarative sentence
Hierarchy: S, P, Do, Di, C, A
Inversion subject/verb
Structures with "here" and "there" in front position
When a sentence opens with an object preceded by "much" and "many"
When the subject is given special emphasis the verb comes first
When a negative adjunct takes front position in the sentence
As an alternative structure to an "if-clause"
Situational ellipsis of the subject
Position of objects
Io+Do
Do+to+Io
Position of adverbials
5. Negations
Verb negation
Word Negation
Negation in Word Formation
The Scope of Negation
6. Questions
Quirk
operator inmediately in front of the subject
initial placing of an interrogative wh-element
rising intonation
Yes/no Questions
WH-Questions
Alternative Questions
Tag questions
Declarative questions
Rhetorical questions
Echo questions
Who
Whom
Whose
What
Which
How
When
Where
Why
raising- failing intonation
8. Exclamations
Interjections
Exclamations beginning w/ the emphatic particles SO and SUCH
Echo exclamations
Exclamations beginning w/ WHAT and HOW
9. Formulaic expressions
greetings
introductions
apologies
seasonal greetings