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Geography revision - Coggle Diagram
Geography revision
Haiti earthquake 2010
Causes/main fact: conservative plate boundary- plates moving past eachother causing pressure and friction to build, the EQ measured 7 on the Richter scale, Aid such as clean water took 48 hours to arrive, 98% of the rubble from damaged buildings remained unclear for 1 year
Location: Haiti is a Carribbean Island with a population of 11 million. It is a LIC it's capital city Pourt a Prince was only 15 miles away from the epicentre of the 2010 earthquake
Effects: 300,000 died, 300,000 injured, 1.5 million homeless, 1 in 3 buildings damaged or destroyed such as textiles factories near the harbour, people reliant on aid- food, water, shelter
Responses/management strategies: immediate: emergency aid, food, water, medicines, tents and field hospitals set up. China gave most £. Long term: rebuilding homes and to a stronger standard, debt relief for 5 years by world bank but in 2020 186,000 people were still living in tents and had not been rehomed
New Zealand earthquake
Causes/main facts: an earthquake struck New Zealands South Island on 22nd February 2011 at 12:51pm, the epicentre was 10km away from Christchurch which is the second highest populated city in New Zealand, the government declared a national state of emergency which remained in place until 30 April 2011
Location: New Zealand is in the Southern hemisphere and is an island off the South East coast of Australia
Responses/management strategies: satellite imagery was used to coordinate the recovery of New Zealand, search and rescue teams came from New Zealand, Australia, Uk, USA, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore
Effects: 181 people died, liquefaction occured, when the ground shakes and causes water (and often mud) to rise to the surface, land that was damaged by liquefaction cannot be built on again, electricity was restored to 80% of household within five days, and to 95% of households within two weeks
Hurricane Ida, August 2021
Effects: flash flooding- knock down Palm trees, 1 million people had no electrical power, New Orleans levees survived, flooding in New york- shut down of transportation systems, 115 deaths, Louisiana man died from escaped alligator, £65.25 billion in damages in total, 26% of the total sugarcane harvest in Louisiana was destroyed
Location: Carribbean and East coast America, category 4 Atlantic hurricane. Hit US- Louisiana, grand Isle, Cuba, gulf of Mexico, venuezla. 150 mph winds. Occured 16 years after hurricane Katrina
Response: 800 people evacuated from Cuba, army and emergency services helped rescue people trapped in flooded homes and cars, teams brought in to restore power, fema provided $34k to households effected, New Orleans flood levees withstands the storm surge which led to a smaller death toll than Katrina (1800), people temporarily relocated to evacuation centres such as schools
Somerset flooding
Causes: low lying, limited vegetation- lack of interception, areas below sea level, heavy rainfall-30th January was highest record since 1910, River parrett and River tone not been dredged in 20 years, houses in Taunton and Bridgewater built on floodplains
Effects: 600 homes flooded, Bristol to Taunton railway line closed, 1000 livestock evacuated, damage cost £10 million, people had no power, flood water contaminated with sewage and oil and chemicals, Moorland and mulcheny villages cut off from accessing schools and shops, 16 farms evacuated
Responses: severe flood warnings sent out, sandbags, dredge 8km of River tone and parrett, UK government give £30 million for repairs, royal marines sent for flood relief
20 year Somerset levels and Moors flood action plan: drain enhancements, culverts, bridgewater tidal barrier protect 11300 homes, drainage systems, community resilience offers
Small scale ecosystem- The new forest
Location: located in the South coast of England in the county, Hampshire. Bournemouth is to the west and Portsmouth is to the east
example of producers: shrubs, mosses, grasses
example of primary consumers: insects, worms, beetles
example of secondary consumers: mouse, rabbit, small bird
consumers, decomposers, food chain, food web and nutrient recycling
Effects: the balance between components. The impact on the ecosystem of changing one component
The Amazon- Tropical rainforests
Location:
Hot Deserts-The Sahara Desert
Location: Stretches 3,000 miles across 11 countries in North Africa e.g. Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt. Covers 31% of Africa. 2.5 million people live here
Opportunities for Development: Tourism- 14 million tourists visit Egyptian Pyramids each year; star wars films set in Tunisia; quad biking and sand dune tours in Morocco. Energy-Morocco have built world's largest solar panel farm and 35% of their energy produced is renewable. Tunisia building one that can power 2.5 million homes. Farming- 130,000 hectares of farmland across Sahara; 140 camels bred each year; Egypt largest producer of cotton. Mining- mining contributes 35% of Moroccos exports (phosphate); Algeria has large reserves of iron.
Challenges to development: Extreme temperatures- 40 degrees Celsius during the day, below freezing at night (diurnal) making it unbearable for physical work. Limited water supply- average 100m of rainfall per year; most lakes and rivers are empheral (temporary); underground aquifers are being used up very quickly. Poor accesibility- Limited roads for transportation so products are delivered by expensive air travel; expensive pipelines to transport oil and gas; 5 days to transport salt from salt mines out of desert
River land form- meanders
Location: River tees; Northeastern England, rising on cross fell in the northern pennines and flowing 70 miles (110km) East to the north sea
1) water travels fast on the outside bend creating friction therefore erosion occurs. on the inside bend water travels slowly, therefore depositing material.
2) erosional processes of attrition and abrasion undercut the river bank creating a river cliff.
3) the slower current on the inside bend causes material to be deposited forming a slip off slope (beach).
4) eventually the next of the bend will join and an oxbow lake will form.
Levees
Location: River tees; Northeastern England, rising on cross fell in the northern pennines and flowing 70 miles (110km) East to the north sea
Landform- estuaries: these are found at the mouth of a river, where the river meets the sea. The water is tidal and therefore the water levels rise and fall. When the water reaches its highest point the water is moving very slowly and therefore it deposited sediment. This builds up over time building mudflats. At low tide these are exposed and show wide, muddy banks.
Landform- Levee: levees are the natural embankments along the edge of the river channel. Levees are naturally formed when a river is in flood and eroded material is deposited over the floodplain. The heaviest material is deposited closest to the river channel because it is dropped first. Over time this builds up and the levee is created
River erosional landforms- High force waterfall
Features of the river tees
source: cross fell- 300m above sea level
upper course: V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, many tributaries and streams
middle course: High force waterfall has hard whin sil which lies above limestone. The limestone is eroded faster, which creates an overhang
lower course: the rivers estuary flows out to the north sea. the mouth is located by Middlesbrough, it houses one of the biggest container ports in the UK
Flood management scheme- boscastle
Location: Boscastle is a small village in Cornwall that experienced flash flooding in August 2004. 89mm of rain fell in 1 hour as a result River Valency bursting, causing heavy localised flooding, washed 75 cars and 6 buildings into the sea
Boscastle Valency Flood Defence Scheme
£10 million investment from the environment agency
River widening and deepening to increase capacity
Removal of low bridges to place wider bridges
