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Psychopathology, dopamine hypothesis, glutamate hypothesis :
認為是因為 under…
Psychopathology
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schizophrenia
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symptoms
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jerky saccades (預測徵兆)
limbis system 異常 : amygdala, H萎縮 > 腦室擴大
gray mater 減少
frontal lobe異常 (hypofrontality hypothesis)
*Wisconsin Card Sorting (計畫能力的彈性)
causes
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environmental :
birth trauma
birth damage to the left frontal lobe
low weight or lack of O2 at birth
virus infection (winter)
prenatal exposure to influenza
stress (war, city life)
latitude effect
gonad hormones
latent developmental disorder
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mood disorders
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unipolar depression
腦區異常：
amygdala, prefrontal cortex 活動高
入睡困難、難以維持睡眠
第三、第四階段 SWS 減少
快速進入 REM
treatment
dexamethasone (人工合成 cortisol)
MAO inhibitor
tricyclic antidepressant (抑制 MA reuptake)
SSRI (抑制 serotonin reuptake)
e.g. Prozac (fluoxetine)
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biological causes :
syphillis
HIV
niacin deficiency (B3)
thiamin deficiency (B1) : Korsakoff syndrome (confabulation)
prion 狂牛症
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treatment
anxiolytics :
benzodiazepine (結合 GABA A R) e.g. Valium
buspirone (Buspar)(5-HT R agonist)
SSRI (抑制 5-HT reuptake) e.g. fluoxetine (Prozac)
CRH R antagonist