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Crime and Deviance, Criticisms Functionalism, Criticisms of subcultures -…
Crime and Deviance
Right Realism
Causes of Crime
Biologically differences- Wilson and Herrnstein, biologically determined (traits passed down aggression)
Inadequate socialisation and the under class- Murray and Dennis
Rational Choice Theory- Clarke
Murray/ Dennis and Erdos
Creating welfare dependency and lone mothers don't do good enough parenting.
Clear correlation between crime and family characteristics. The sense of community has been lost and external patterns of social control.
Solutions to crime
Environmental crime prevention - create a positive environment to prevent crime. Broken Window Thesis
Situation crime prevention- harder to get away with Target Hardening.
Clarke
Rational Choice Theory, People will engage in crime if the benefits outweigh the costs. The rational being with free will, will commit crime based on a rational calculation of the consequence.
Wilson and Kelling
Broken Window Thesis, keep the environment clean and that prevents crime as people are deterred from it.
Marxism
Neo Marxists
Gilroy
Black young criminals are politically motivated to commit crime due to their discovery of historical slavery and colonialism and their experience of racism and police harassment,
Hall
Moral panics about the young/ ethnic minorities are often created by the mass media on behalf of the state in order to divide and rule a potentially troublesome w/c. Mugging- crime in which black criminals robbed white victims. By creating this divide it's feeding into capitalism issues.
Taylor, Walton and Young
The Ruling Class are aware of the revolutionary potential of working class crime and has taken steps to control. (CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACTS). A comprehensive understanding of crime and deviance that would help to change society for the better - (UNITE 6 ASPECTS)
Chambliss
Invested crime in Seattle and argued that most organised crime was controlled by a small elite group that included senior members of the business and political communities and police force. Causes corruption.
Box
Selective Law Enforcement, not applying the law evenly. Mystification, a small and relatively powerless group in society are criminalised -> crimes of the wealthy and powerful are largely neglected. Ideologically defined in a highly distorted way-> social control criminalisation.
Pearce
Ideological function, argues that laws perform an ideological function for capitalism. They show a caring face through laws to keep their workforce to carry on going (WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY)
Gordon
Criminogenic, capitalism at it's very nature causes crime. Rational response, found in all social classes although the statistics make it appear a working class problem
Functionalism
Durkheim
Crime as functional and inevitable, societies require social order which then requires rules, laws and shared values as it is a fragile thing. Society without crime wouldn't be desirable no healthy . If society where social order had reached a level that nobody ever broke the law then it would be a society of saints
There are key function of crime for it to work out for the best. For example. Boundary Maintenance: reinforcing the value consensus and achieving social order.
Adaptation and change: creating positive social change by figuring out bad institutions.
Safety valve: Davis, protects society as people release frustrations out without threatening the nuclear family.
A warning sign: Cohen, deviance is useful when indicating that an institution is not working effectively. The crime levels indicate dysfunction in different areas of society.
Cohen
Status frustration, this is because crime is committed for some material gain (utilitarian crime) and ignores non utilitarian crime like vandalism. There should be a look at group deviance - collective phenomenon. Working class boys face anomie in m/c education so suffer from status frustration.
Invert main stream values as it brings about subcultures. Dominant cultural goals get involved in delinquent activities.
Merton
Strain theory, this is when people engage in deviant behaviour when they cannot achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means.
The American Dream, there is an emphasis on financial success which follows an expectation to pursue these goals by legitimate means like education.
Adaptations/ responses to cultural goals, Conformist: accept the goals and the means of achieving then.
Ritualist: lose their belief in the goals but stick to the means or rules in society.
Retreatist: withdraw from society having given up on the goals and the means
Innovator: accept the goals but reject the means
Rebel: reject the means and the goals and replace them with alternative goals and means.
Subcultures, shared culture and social controls are weakened and they gain status in other ways.
Cloward and Ohlin
Three subcultures Working class youths are denied legitimate opportunities to achieve. Criminal: professional crime
Conflict: illegitimate crime, very much only opportunity loosely organised crime and the violence provides a rebase on frustration
Retreatist: double failure, drop out subculture based on illegal drug use.
Subcultures
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Matza
Interactionist critique of subcultural theory as he argues that everyone has deviance within them not just deviant subcultures and that young people were less skilled in suppressing subterranean values ( expressions of deviance/ unconventional behaviour that young people are engaged in.) Values: enjoying yourself, acting on the spur of the moment, self expression, being aggressive and seeking excitement.
Subterranean Values: difference when you are more likely to drift into them like youth and there is a difference between the values that are expressed by how often they appear and in what circumstances. Criminals don't use neutralisation techniques to justify their actions. These are, Denial of responsibility: the offender denies that it was their fault, denial of victim: the offender claims that the victim was wrong, denial of injury: the offender claims the victim was not hurt, condemnation of condemners: the offender feels they are being picked on when others have got away with the same crime, appeal to higher loyalties: the offender claims that the law was ignored because other issues were more important.
Miller
There was a delinquency subculture that arose entirely from lower class way of life. There is a difference in the classes, m/c more achievement and social goals, w/c parents where more concerned that their child stays out of trouble (son getting into fights, daughters getting pregnant). Boys are taught to be street smart which gave an incentive to join a gang and belong to something. Crime makes like more exciting and welcomed relief.
Focal Concern. Fate: lower class males tend to be fatalistic about life
Excitement: the idea of having fun is significant. Lower class men were effectively denied much sense of self-expression.
Autonomy: fatalistic acceptance of their lot in life is the desire for personal respect within their immediate group.
Smartness: the ability to look good.
Trouble: lower class boys identify trouble and how to handle it.
Toughness: ability to handle trouble requires the need for toughness, the ability to take care of both yourself and mates.
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Left Realism
Causes of crime
Marginalisation
Groups are created differently due to economic, social and political deprivation. Political refers to the fact that there is no way for them to influence decision makers and thus feel powerless.
Subcultures
Created due to suffering relative deprivation and marginalisation.
Lea and Young. they develop due to members subscribe to the dominant values of society but then are blocked off from success
Relative Deprivation
Awareness that there is a difference between the poor and rich, people accept their poverty otherwise.
Lea and Young, not poverty but those have lower standards in the 1930's compared to the Youth in thw 1980's. Feeling resentful and want to speak up about their inequality.
Solutions to crime
Must improve policing and control and deal with the deeper structural causes of crime.
Lea and Young, policing needs to be more accountable to local communities improving local communities, improving police relationships with local communities. Community policing, service and centres, CCTV and ethic minority police officers.
Policy
Have more influence on government policy than most theories of crime. Focus on being tough on crime and the causes of crime, ASBO's and New Labour New Deal.
Young has been criticised that New Labour policies have been tough on crime and not causes such as inequality and discrimination.
Modernity
Young= we are living in late modern society. De-industrialisation and loss of unskilled manual jobs increased unemployment and poverty. Destabilised family and community life, increased marginalisation, greater inequality has increased the sense of relative deprivation, increase in hate crime (RACISM)
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