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LEFT-WING EXTREMISM (NAXALISM) INTERNAL SECURITY BY:SHEKHAR SIR -…

- - - - survey of new areas
    - - Mobilisation through frontal organisations
    - - Converting the public movement into violent guerrilla warfare
    - - establish their base
    - - Establishment of people's Government.
- - - - PRESENT CONDITION annual report of the Ministry of Home Affairs for 2020-21
        
        The violence perpetrated by the Naxals has been reduced by 41 per cent and deaths by 54 per cent in the country in 2020 as compared to 2013 and the arc of such incidents has been considerably restricted with just 30 districts accounting 88 per cent of all Maiosts violence.
        
        There has been an overall 41 per cent reduction in violent incidents (1,136 to 665) and 54 per cent
        reduction (397 to 183) in LWE related deaths in 2020 as compared to 2013.
        
        The Naxal violence was reported from 226 police stations in 53 districts spread across nine states in 2020 as compared to 328 police stations in 76 districts spread over 10 states in 2013
        
        Bringing up the "massive success in taming left-wing terror", the home minister said LWE-hit districts across the country have reduced to 46 from 96 in 2010. "As much as 72% of the security vacuum has been plugged and I have complete faith that by 2024, we will plug 100% vacuum and take absolute control of the situation," HM stated.
        
        The Director-General of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) recently stated that three states had been cleared of hotbeds of left-wing extremism (Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh). CRPF launched Operation Octopus, Operation Double Bull, Operation Thunderstorm and Operation Chakarbandha in these areas
      - Second Stage
        (1975-2004)
        
        Continued their struggle under the “Strategy of Protracted War”.
        
        PWG in Andhra pradesh frmed by KONDAPALLI SEETHARAMAIA
        
        CPI (ML) converted into People’s war group in 1980
        
        At the same time Moist Communist Centre of India strengthen in Bihar (MCCI)
      - Third Stage (2004
        onwards)
        
        People’s War Group combined with Moist Communist Centre of India and Formed CPI
        (Moist)
        
        Before this, the Maoists were relatively a minor force, separately operating within four states – Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh.
        They were so fragmented that there were even instances of conflicts and killing between these groups.The 2004 merger of the two major Maoist factions
        
        In a short span of time, the People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army (PGLA), the armed wing of the CPI (Maoist) had nurtured 20,000 regular cadres who were armed with automatic weapons, shoulder rocket launchers, mines, and other explosive devices, etc.
        
        Around the time of its creation, the CPI-Maoists published a document titled, ‘Strategy and Tactics of the Indian Revolution (STIR)’. This document clearly outlines guidelines of political and military strategies to achieve the immediate aim of the group - the New Democratic Revolution (NDR). The NDR, in line with Mazumdar’s formulation of Marxist-Leninist-Maoist thoughts, aims to overthrow “imperialism, feudalism and comprador bureaucratic capitalism only through the Protracted People’s War”.
        
        This whole contiguous zone where CPI (Moist) was active, which is spread in West Bengal,
        Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra and Telangana is known as ‘Red Corridor’
        
        The Red Corridor is the region in the central, eastern and southern parts of India that experience severe Naxalite–Maoist insurgency.
        
        The districts affected by this and part of the Corridor are among the poorest in India.
        
        Most of the region has a high tribal population. The region is also marked by severe social and economic disparities.
        
        Roughly, the Corridor stretches from the Indian border with Nepal and extends to the northern fringes of TN
        
        The worst of the attacks in this area include the Chintalnar massacre of 76 CRPF soldiers in 2010 and the assassination of the top political leaders in 2013.
      - First Stage (1967-75)
        
        INITIALLY SPLIT between he ideologies of revisionist USSR and REVOLUTIONARY CHINA
        
        In 1967 a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari.
        
        Chinese media called it 'SPRING THUNDER"
        
        In fact, at its peak in 1969, Mazumdar officially split from the CPI-M by forming the Communist Party of India- Marxist Leninist (CPI-ML). Despite the name, Mazumdar was much more inspired by Maoist ideology than Marxist or Leninist Doctrine. In fact, the slogan of the party was: “China’s Chairman is our Chairman. Chinese path is our path”
        
        CPI-ML, was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar. initial uprising was led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal
        
        Formation of All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR).
        
        Mazumdar and the CPI-ML sought to import a Maoist-style revolution, but the dissemination of Maoist propaganda proved to be an unattractive move on behalf of the CPI-ML, following India’s defeat in the Sino-Indian War of 1962, clashing with patriotic sentiment
        
        Furthermore, the situation took a turn in 1971, when the government commenced Operation Steeplechase and sent the army and members of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) into West Bengal. The operation lasted 45 days from June to August, and ultimately crushed the Naxalite movement
      - LWE/ NAXALISM is a form of armed insurgency against the State motivated by leftist/maoist ideologies and thus is also known as Left Wing extremism (LWE) or Maoism. Originated in a 1967 uprising in Naxalbari, West BengaL
        
        Extremism means adoption of extreme political, social or religious ideals that reject or undermine the status quo and undermine contemporary ideas and expressions of freedom.
        
        RISE OF COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY IN INDIA
        
        CPI led the Tebhaga movement, a peasant uprising in the late 1940s. Peasants demanded two-third of the produce to the sharecroppers instead of just one. CPI also led the Telangana Armed Struggle from 1946 to 1951. Demands made were for the abolition of unreasonable taxes and grant of title deeds to cultivators.
        
        Another major struggle led by the party was the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising. Rulers of Travancore tried to impose the Presidential model of America. Fearing the end of democracy instigated the working class to launch a battle against the same.
        
        After India gained independence in 1947, different opinions of communist leaders in ruling the country eventually broke up the CPI into two parties, Communist Party of Indian (Marxist) and Communist Party of India. It contributed to the 1967 agitation. Two years later, the other communists formed the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist).
        
        On the other hand, there were peasants in rural areas, exploited by the landlords and moneylenders. Communist leaders, realising the importance of the role that may be played by peasants in defeating the colonial rule, influenced them to join the struggle.
        
        The inception of communism dates back to the pre-independence era. A group of individuals who set out to oust the British from the country formed the Communist Party of India in 1920. Communist ideas found their way into the ongoing trade union movement and other strikes against the colonial policies.
    - - Urban Naxals are the ‘invisible enemies’ of India. One common thread amongst all of them is that they are all
        urban intellectuals, influencers or activists of importance
        
        These urban Naxal influence the middle-class employees, intellectuals and students with Maoist ideology and
        radicalize them against the government
        
        Authorities have arrested and prosecuted individuals who were identified as Maoist “sympathisers”, giving them a pejorative name, “urban Naxals”. These individuals include academic scholars and NGO workers.
- - - - Constitutional initiatives
        
        These include the conservation of their language, script and other cultural elements (article 350), ensuring their educational interests (article 46), providing economic safeguards and taking steps for political empowerment (article 330, 332, 243, fifth schedule).
        
        : The makers of the Constitution of India made special provisions for the protection of tribal culture and the development of Scheduled Tribes.
      - Legislative initiatives:
        
        PESA Act: The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) aims to empower tribal gram sabhas (village councils) to govern their socio-economic aspects, enhancing local self-governance. The Act is designed to align with the tribal way of life, respecting their historical and traditional governance structures.
        
        Separate Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs was set up in 1999 with the objective of providing a more focused approach to the integrated socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes (STs).
- - - - Certain vulnerabilities remain such as poor planning, inadequate numbers, insufficient intelligence backup etc.
      - Structural deficits and deficiencies such as putting IPS deputations into almost every senior position in CRPF
      - Sluggish Capacity building
      - Laundering of funds:
      - Inefficient technology of landmine detection:
      - Complex locations
      - Negligence of established Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
    - - A.P. Greyhounds Model
        
        Grey Hounds: It is the elite commando force of combined Andhra Pradesh state, created to fight left-wing extremists. It is considered the best anti-Naxalite force in the country. It follows the guerrilla approach, which is near similar to that of the Maoists, making them effective
      - Sandesh (Bihar)
        
        Bihar's Sandesh block has gradually become free of naxals. The panchayat elections that started in Bihar were the most significant factor that helped to undermine naxal control.
        
        It further widened the gap between the locals and the Naxal leaders. Many naxalites were
        compelled by social pressure to abandon their affiliation with naxal groups and transition to farming.
        
        PANCHAYAT ELECTIONS REGULARLY
      - The Aasdwar Project in Jehanabad (Bihar)
        
        Under this project, 5 Naxalite affected panchayats (Jehanabad district of Bihar) are witnessing a flurry of development activities on a war footing e.g. construction of cement lanes, link roads, drains, buildings for schools and anganwadis, individual toilets etc. The people, at large, seem to have embraced the programme in a big way. So, as this case study amplifies, Naxalism can be defeated and eliminated by the process of development and a new social order but the change has to come from within.
      - Salwa Judum
        
        Salwa Judum (peace force) was launched by villagers angered by Naxal interference in the local trade of tendu leaves. It recruited local tribals and former Naxalites and made them Special Police Officers (SPOs).
      - Saranda Model
        (2011)
        
        Focus on infrastructure development like roads and offices
        
        An integrated Centre will be opened that will provide subsidized food under PDS, and
        generate employment under MGNREGA.
      - LON VARRATTU
        
        Return home
        
        surrender policy
        
        dantewada
      - IAS OP CHAUDHRY LAUNCHED
        
        pota cabins
        
        Dantewada education city
        
        tammana scheme
    - - SUKMA ATTACK 2023
        
        22 jawans martyred on the April 3 encounter between security forces and the Maoists in Sukma.
        
        Also, one CoBRA jawan, Rakeshwar Singh Minhas held hostage by the extremists.
        
        After efforts from officials and non-officials, Maoists agreed to free him. A team of local people went deep into the forest area succeeded in releasing the jawan after discussion.
        
        The extremists wanted to portray themselves as not all violent and compassionate. Thus, they agreed to release the jawan.
      - Left Wing Extremism will be totally eliminated from country in 2 years, says HM Amit Shah
        
        The policy envisages a multi-pronged strategy involving security-related measures, development interventions, ensuring rights and entitlements of local communities, etc
        
        The number deaths of security forces and civilians in LWE violence has also reduced by 90 per cent in 2022 as compared to the high of 2010
    - - Experts believe that local police in areas under the Naxalites need appropriate training to combat Naxalism. Joginder Singh, the former CBI director, stated that the government should tackle Naxalism in ways similar to the ones used to control terrorism.
      - The former police officer K. Subramaniam said that the police training methods need a reformation to deal with such sensitive social issues.
      - In 2006, the Planning commission led by D. Bandhopadhyay suggested that land distribution should take place in the manner acceptable to tribals. He also called for a suitable rehabilitation policy.
      - In a session conducted by the Observer Research Foundation in 2017, famous historian Dr. Dilip Simeon stated the only way to achieve justice for the victims is truth. It is necessary to realise that the government has not yet fully acknowledged the injustice that Naxalites are subjecting people to.
      - Professor of sociology Dr. Nandini Sundar suggested the initiation of talks between the government and the Naxalites through a third-party mediator. She cited the example of how the Columbian government had appointed committees at the rural level to understand violence in rural areas.
      - The Administrative Reforms Commission recommends that the government should devise more solutions for cutting off the funds to Naxalites. It will prevent it from further growth.