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INTERNAL SECURITY QUESTIONS IN 2022 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - different types of cybercrimes
      - measures required to be taken to fight the menace.
    - - the determinants of left-wing extremism
      - What strategy
    - - the steps required to be taken to deny local support to militants
      - also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals.
    - - transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control
      - the role played by various security forces
    - - Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
      - Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
      - Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention
      - Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism
      - Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
- - - - INTERNAL SECURITY/SECURITY MANAGEMENT
        
        INTRODUCTION
        
        Kautilya wrote in Arthashastra that a state can be at risk from four threat:
        
        Externally-aided internal.
        
        external,
        
        Internally-aided external and
        
        Internal,
        
        India's internal security problems include manifestation of internal weaknesses & external attempts at waging a proxy war.
        
        Internal Weakness: Inadequate socio-economic development, apathy towards the genuine grievances of the people, political brinkmanship → LWE & NE Insurgency
        
        External Attempts: Pak proxy war & its policy to to bleed India through a thousand cuts[J&K militancy & Terrorism] by providing funding, logistical & military support to nonstate actors like LeT as highlighted in 26/11 attacks.
        
        Kutaliya in his ARTHSHSTRA said that the aspect of internal security and stability was most important in the subject of defence of a state and for which he had outlined number of precautions.
        
        Such as, Before forces are committed to the main task, all own vital and vulnerable targets should be secured.
        
        At the time of major conflict in future, the terrorists and insurgents having moral support from rivals would be used as a strategic asset by the enemy that can cripple important roads and railway lines and other such infrastructures in the sensitive regions of North and North East.
        
        Although aside wartime, we are not able to protect our prestigious installations in peacetime such as an air force airbase. There is need to rationalize our security system from the very bottom and states must take the responsibility of the same with greater enthusiasm.
        
        He greatly emphasized on attacking the root cause of most insurgencies such as social and economic distress rather than attempting to solve the insurgency using armed forces or its threatened use.
        
        He had suggested that an internal rebellion is more dangerous than an external threat because it is like nurturing a viper in one’s bosom. Therefore the antisocial should be kept under check or otherwise it may provide you a greater harm than the external one.
        
        Internal security is security of a country within its borders. This implies maintenance of peace and law & order, and upholding sovereignty of the country within its territory.
        
        It is different from external security to the extent that external security is security against aggression by a foreign country responsibility of armed forces of the country, while internal security comes under the purview of police, which can be supported by the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), if required.
        
        After World War II, 39 states disintegrated. Of these, five disintegrated because of external aggression and the other 34 due to failure to manage internal security.
        
        ATTRIBUTES OF INTERNAL SECURITY
        
        Secure territorial integrity and protect internal sovereignty
        
        Maintain domestic peace
        
        Prevalence of law and order
        
        Rule of law & equality before law — law of the land should protect everyone irrespective of status.
        
        Absence of fear from the feared implying individual freedom for people as guaranteed by the Constitution
        
        Peaceful co-existence and communal harmony
        
        “Earlier problems were geographical like unrest in the northeast, terrorism in J&K and Left Wing Extremism (LWE) in affected areas, but now they are thematic like cyber security and data security. HOME MINISTER( JAN 2023)
        
        SECURITY
        
        S - Security forces on borders
        
        • E - Economic development of border areas -
        
        • C - Cooperation and joint operations among agencies of neighbouring states
        
        • U - Upgraded surveillance and infrastructure - S etc.). CIBMS is a step in the right direction.
        
        • R - Regional integration with rest of the country –
        
        • I - Intelligence and information sharing -
        
        • T - Trade points across border –
        
        • Y - Youth engagement
        
        INTERNAL SECURITY DOCTRINE
        
        Political: Assessing the challenges to our internal security like whether it is secessionist, separatist or regional.
        
        a. Analyse the causative factors of various types of movements and see whether the demands are within the constitutional framework.
        
        b. Tackle the secessionist movements with a heavy hand.
        
        c. Separatist elements have to be kept at a distance.
        
        d. regional aspirations and ethnic demands require reasonably softer and sympathetic approach.
        
        . Socio-Economic: arising from acute poverty, unemployment and displacement
        
        a. Analyse the factors causing the socio-economic grievances and address all the connected issues.
        
        b. Ensure that development reaches all sections of the society and there are no regional disparities.
        
        Governance: anti-establishment elements can take advantage of mismanagement and corruption in government schemes, poor implementation of laws and absence of government machinery in the remote areas. It is the duty of the state to control all the malaise in governance and provide good governance to the remotest of the areas and control corruption.
        
        FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERNAL SECURITY
        
        Historical factors: Unfriendly neighbours, Poverty, Unemployment, Inequitable growth.
        
        Stabilty : As per kautilya the aspect of internal security and stability was most important in the subject of defence of a state.
        
        Admin Failures: Widening gap between haves and have nots Failure on administrative front or governance deficit, Increasing communal divide. Kautilya greatly emphasized on attacking the root cause of most insurgencies such as social and economic distress rather than attempting to solve the insurgency using armed forces or its threatened use
        
        Partisan Politics: Inc caste awareness and caste tensions, Rise of contentious politics based on sectarian, ethnic, linguistic or other divisive criteria.
        
        Geographical Factors: Porous borders having very tough terrain.
        
        Governance Deficit: Poor criminal justice system and large scale corruption leading to nexus b/w criminals, police and politicians resulting in organised crime going unabated
        
        The conventional domestic threats to national security have been categorized by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in four groups:
        
        terrorism in the hinterland of the country,
        
        cross-border terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir
        
        militancy in the north-eastern states
        
        left-wing extremism in certain states.
        
        key areas for enhancing India’s internal security
        
        National Security Doctrine (NSD): Establishing an NSD to systematically define and address security challenges is crucial. Previous attempts to finalize drafts have not been successful.
        
        Internal Security Ministry: A separate ministry for internal security is proposed to handle urgent matters efficiently, improving response times and focus.
        
        Jammu and Kashmir: Despite a 66% reduction in terror incidents since the abrogation of Article 370, security challenges persist. Steps to reorganize the security setup and restore statehood are needed.
        
        Northeast Region: Issues like ethnic conflicts and demands for separate flags and constitutions by rebel groups continue. The government should enforce agreements and manage conflicts effectively.
        
        Naxalite Problem: There has been a 73% decline in violence from a peak in 2010. Initiating peace talks and addressing grievances could further reduce conflict.
        
        Intelligence Bureau and CBI: The Intelligence Bureau and the CBI need restructuring to ensure they function without bias and with adequate legal and infrastructural support. There is a need to give the IB a statutory basis and to strengthen the CBI’s legal mandate and resources.
        
        State Police: Transform the state police from a “Ruler’s Police” to a “People’s Police,” emphasizing community engagement and modern policing standards, similar to the reforms introduced by Robert Peel in Britain It is essential for gaining public trust and effectiveness.
        
        Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs): The CAPFs face issues such as unplanned expansion and inadequate training. A high-powered commission is needed to address these long-term problems and improve the functioning of these forces.
        
        Technology in Policing: Implementing advanced technological solutions can enhance policing capabilities and address new challenges effectively.
      - TERRORISM
      - LWE
      - N-E INSURGENCY
      - KHALISTAN
      - CYBERSECURITY
      - BORDER SECURITY
      - ORGANISED CRIME
      - ARMED FORCES AND AGENCIES
      - ROLE OF STATE & NON-STATE ACTOR
      - MARITIME SECURITY
      - SOCIAL MEDIA
    - - India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan fraught with contentious issues.
        
        Also give out the development being undertaken in these areas under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme
        
        Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the border.
    - - Social media and encrypting messaging services pose a serious security challenge.
        
        Also suggest any other remedies to address the problem.
        
        What measures have been adopted at various levels to address the security implications of social media?
    - - Describe the context and salient features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
    - - Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country.
        
        Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism.