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The establishment and development of the Weimar republic (Topic 1) -…
The establishment and development of the Weimar republic (Topic 1)
The Weimar constitution
PR increased the number of parties
Made a coalition government inevitable
Article 48 was a mistake
Judges openly abused their positions
Textbooks were full of aggressive nationalism
The constitution gave no protection
Combined an elected Parliament with an elected presidency
The Treaty of Versailles
Universally hated by Germans
Seen as a diktat
went against the idea of national self-determination
Yet many Germans found themselves under foreign rule
Germanies colonies were given to countries that had a history of harshness e.g. the Netherlands
led to the stab-in-the-back myth
It was not as bad as the Germans had envisioned
France did not receive everything they wanted
Plebicites were used to determine national status
Hyper inflation 1923 could not be based on Versailles alone
loss of German international status was a myth
Germany had suffered lightly compared to France
Perceived by Germans as the cause of all their problems
Developed into a vital propaganda theme
used to attack the republic
Weimar years of survival
Threats from the left
Soviet republic declared in Barvaria - 1919
the communists formed an army of 50,000 workers to resist the pro-putsch army and Freikorps - 1920
KPD and COMINTERN support a rising in MERSEBURG that has started prematurely
Major strike wave
threats from the right
French invasion of the Ruhr
Hyperinflation
The Golden Years 1924-29
The Republic began to stabilise
Stresemann's actions
He started to pay reparations - this led to France leaving the Ruhr
He took action against the left - he sent the Army in to deal with them
He negotiated the 1924 Dawes Plan
He issued a new currency - Rentenmark to replace the Reichmark
The Dawes Plan - 1924
Advantages
Massive cash investment for the German economy
French left the Ruhr
Disadvantages
In trying to free Germany an economic crisis, Streismann had unwittingly tied Germany's fortunes to external circumstances it could not control.
Stresemann's foreign policy
Aims
solve reparations
revision of the versailles treaty
followed policy of fufilment
Use Germany's economic potential to gain support
wanted to build links to the USSR
Gain confidence with western powers
Reapprachment with the US
His aims were to restore Germany's power and prosperity
Policies that pleased the nationalists
Treaty of Berlin 1926
Signing of the arbitration treaties
sullen obstruction
policies that offended the nationalists
policy of fulfilment
Dawes plan
later known as the young plan
League of nations
limitations placed on military
Kellog-Briand pact
outlawed war
they thought he was making too many concessions to the west
was his policy a success?
dawes plan
part of Germany's recovery
league of nations
brought Germany back into the international community
fulfilment
brought improved relations with Britain and France
Young plan
reduced reparations figures + payback day
kellogg-briand pact
led to French troops evacuating the Ruhr
However they aroused a great deal of opposition - especially from the nationalists
They despised the Versailles treaty, the league of nations and the young plan.
nationalist groups launched a major national campaign over the young plan
helped Hitler get a name for himself
The collapse of the weimar republic
the Republic weakenedby an economic crisis
Yet the economic crisis alone cannot be blamed
1920s- popular suppor for the Republic underwent a steady decline
made the costitution unwanted and unworkable
determination of the old anti-republican elite to bring down the republic
the appointment of presidential cabinets during 1930-33 finally killed the republic
Hitlers NSDAP
became the biggest party in the Reichstag
yet it was not capable of destroying the republic on its own
he formed an argument with the old elite
The appeal of Nazism
1929 won their first majority
Dusseldorf industry club 1932
gives Hitler money
Bamberg Conference 1926
Establishes his control
Harzburg front 1931
Hitler joined the elite
making gains in rural areas by 1928
1920 25 point proramme
helped to gain votes
Anti young plan 1929
made a name for Hitler
main weaknesses
Nazis lost votes when there was economic stability
1924 +1932
Nazis faced financial difficulties by Dec 1932
Nazis faced internal divisions
nationalists and socialists