Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Surgery - Coggle Diagram
Surgery
Antiseptics/aseptic
In 1847 a Hungarian doctor called Ignaz Semmelweis started to realise a connection between the doctors who were coming from the morgue to the nursery to deliver babies this resulted in a lot of mothers dying. Therefore he roached a hand washing crusade and ordered all of his doctors to regularly wash there hands. However, he was ridiculed.
After germ theory became popular in 1861 a Sky surgeon called Joseph Lister decide to start cleaning the wounds of his patients
In the 1860s carbolic acid had been found to be very useful in cleaning wounds it was first successfully texted on an 11-year-old boy who usually would have had his leg amputated but instead Lister disinfected it was carbolic acid and the wound healed. His success became very apparent when the death rate of Lister's patients fell dramatically.
However Lister still faced a lot of opposition from people who still did not believe in germ theory and surgeons who didn't want to do extra work
Towards the end of the 19th century, these ideas became much more accepted and the tradition of aseptic surgery came into place. The problem of infection had been solved.
Effects of War
The outbreak of World War I caused injuries and deaths on like anyone had ever seen before. This caused a massive demand for innovation in medicine.
Blood banks were set up so transfusions could be done easily they established blood banks on the Western Front. They could pack blood with ice which allowed it to be stored for longer and meaning that the blood donor no longer had to be present during the surgery.
X-rays became very key in the war effort and Marie Curie famously used her own money to buy mobile x-rays and fit them in ambulances so they were accessible on the front lines
The Thomas splint was created which was a contraption that could secure a broken leg and keep it in place to heal
Skin grafts changed a lot in both world wars cartilage could be grown in another part of the body and moved up to the face wherever many painstaking months it was moved into place to make things look more natural. However it World War II where social impact became a bigger priority techniques were advanced into being able to doable advanced surgery at make people look more lifelike than they were straight after whatever incident they were in/
Blood loss
What is the few remaining problems in surgery was blood loss the longer operations met the more blood was lost and if the woods could not be sealed at the end the patient would die. In 1881 Joseph Lister came back and experimented using catgut soaking carbolic acid to seal the ends of blood vessels.
Blood transfusions had been a big problem for centuries many blood transfusions had failed due to people not knowing about blood groups and how incompatible blood groups would be rejected by the body This led for a big mistrust in transfusions and progress was really slow however in 1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered the human blood groups disallowed blood transfusions to be done successfully and many lives were saved from people who had blood loss
However up until World War I the blood donor still had to be present and it was hard to get a blood donor in time
-
Anaesthetics
Ether
-
However, violent coughing could cause doctors to make mistakes and kill the patient.
Chloroform
In 1847 James Simpson was testing gases and tested chloroform with his colleagues. They were all knocked out and Simpson realised he had discovered a powerful new anaesthetic.
Popularity was further increased when Queen Victoria took chloroform for the delivery of her 8th child. It was administered by John Snow.
-
However the reduced pain as a result of these anaesthetics meant that surgeries were more complex therefore the risk of infection was greatly increased. This would have led to a higher rate of death during this time which is labelled the black period