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Families & Households- COUPLES - Coggle Diagram
Families & Households- COUPLES
THE DOMESTIC DIVISION OF LABOUR
PARSONS: INSTRUMENTAL & EXPRESSIVE ROLES
INSTRUMENTAL ROLE:
The
husband
holds this
role
, they
strive to achieve success at work
so he can
provide financially
. He is the
Breadwinner.
EXPRESSIVE ROLE
: Geared towards
primary socialisation
of the
children
and meeting the
families emotional needs
. she is the
homemaker
a
full time housewife
rather
than a wage earner.**
CRITICS OF PARSONS
YOUNG & WILLMOTT(1962)
-
men
are now
doing more domestic tasks
and
more wives
are doing
paid work.
Feminists- the
division of labour is natural
, they also argue it
only benefits men
.
The
roles
that
men
and
women play
in relation to
housework, childcare
and
paid work
.
JOINT & SEGREGATED CONJUGAL ROLES
BOTT(1957): SEGREGATED CONJUGAL ROLES
- where the
couple
have
separate roles
, the
male breadwinner
and the
female homemaker
. The
leisure activities
also tend to be
separate.
BOTT(1957): JOINT SEGREGATED CONJUGAL ROLES
- Where the
couple share tasks
such as
housework
and
childcare
and
spend
their
leisure time together.
SYMMETRICAL FAMILY
YOUNG & WILLMOTT(1973):
see a
long term trend
towards
joint conjugal roles
and the
symmetrical family
, where
roles
are
more
similar and
equal
.
'march of progress view'
REASONS FOR NUCLEAR FAMIY BEING MORE SYMMETRICAL:
changes
in
women's position
including
married children going out to work.
geographical mobility
more couple living away from the communities they grew up in.
new technology
and
labour saving devices
.
-
higher standards
of
living.
A FEMINIST VIEW OF HOUSEWORK
They
reject
the
' march of progress' view
. Little has changed and
men and women remain unequal
. They see this
inequality stemming
from the fact that
we still live
in a
patriarchal society
.
ANNE OAKLEY(1974):
Researched whether or not husbands helped in the home or not. she found that
only 15% of husbands
had
high levels
of
participation in housework
and
only 25%
had
high levels
of
participation in childcare
. She
rejects Young and Wilmott's view
of
symmetry in the family
and says their
claims are exaggerated
.
ARE COUPLES BECOMING MORE EQUAL?
THE IMPACT OF PAID WORK
With both parents working raises two questions:
1). Is it
leading
to a
more equal division
of
domestic tasks
with a
'new man'
taking
responsibility
and doing
an equal share
of
housework and child care?
2) Or does it simply mean that
women now
have to
carry 'a dual burden'
of
paid work
as well as
domestic tasks.
(FEMINIST VIEW)
THE MARCH OF PROGRESS VIEW
YOUNG & WILLMOTT
:
women going out
to work is
leading
to a
more equal division of labour
at
home
. In this
march of progress view men
are becoming
more involved in housework
and
childcare
just as
women
are
getting more involved in paid work
outside the home.
SUPPORT OF THIS VIEW:
GERSHUNY(1994)
- argues that
women working full-time
leads to
more division of labour in the home.
SULLIVAN(2000)
-
data collected
from
1975,87 and 1997
shows a
trend of women
doing a
smaller share of domestic work
and
men doing more.
TAKING RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILDREN
BOULTON(1983)
points out that
although fathers
may
help
by
performing specific childcare tasks
, it is
usually
the
mother
who
takes responsibility
for the
child's security
and
well being
.
Supported by: FERRI & SMITH(1996)
found that
fathers
took the
responsibilities
for
childcare
in
fewer
than
4%
of
families
.
EMOTION WORK & TRIPLE SHIFT:
EMOTION WORK
-
Arlie Hochschild's (2013)
term for the work that women do to keep right feelings in relationships.
TRIPLE SHIFT
-
DUNCOMBE & MARSDEN(1995)
women
have to
perform triple shift
of
housework
,
paid work
and
emotion work.
THE FEMINIST VIEW
Women
going into
paid work
has
not lead
to
greater equality
in t
he division of domestic labour.
there is
still little sign
of the
'new man'
who does
an equal share of housework
and
childcare
. Where
women now carry a dual burden
.
EXPLAINING THE GENDER DIVISION OF LABOUR
CROMPTON & LYONETTE(2008):
The cultural or ideological explanation of inequality
-The view that the
division of labour
is determined by
patriarchal norms
and
values
that
shape the gender roles in our culture
.
Women
perform
domestic labour
because that's what
society expects of them
.
The
material
or
economic explanation of inequality
- Argue
women earn less
than
men
so
economic sense
for
women
to do
more childcare
and
housework
whilst
men earn money
EVIDENCE FOR THE CULTURAL EXPLANATION
GERSHUNY(1994)
-
couples
whose
parents
had a
more equal relationship
are
more likely
to
share housework equally
.
Social values
are
gradually adapting
to the fact that
women
are
now working full-time
establishing a
new norm
that
men
should do
more domestic work.
DUNNE(1999)
-
lesbian couples
have
more symmetrical relationships
because of the
absence
of
traditional heterosexual 'gender scripts'.
EVIDENCE FOR THE MATERIAL EXPALNATION
from this
perspective
if
women join
the
labour force
and
earn
as
much
as
their partners
, we should expect to see women and men doing more equal amounts of domestic work.
KAN
=found that for
every £10,000
a
year more
a
woman earns
she does
two hours
of
less housework per week
.
RESOURCES & DECISION MAKING IN HOUSEHOLDS
MONEY MANAGEMENT
FEMINIST: PAHL & VOGLER(1993)
identified
2 main types
to
control family income.
ALLOWENCE SYSTEM
: Where
men give
their
wives an allowance
out of which they have to
budget to meet the family's needs
, with the
man retaining
any
surplus income for himself
.
POOLING:
Both partners
have
access
to
income
and
joint responsibility
for
expenditure
.
DECISION MAKING
STEPHEN EDGELL'S(1980)
VERY IMPORTANT DECISIONS:
Those
involving finance
, a
change of job
or
moving house
were
taken
by the
husband
or
jointly
with the
husband
having the
final say
.
IMPORTANT DECISIONS:
Those
about children's education
, or
where to go on holiday
were usually
jointly taken
or by
the women alone.
LESS IMPORTANT DECISONS:
Those
about home decor, children's clothing
or
food purchases
were
made by the wife
.
PAHL & VOGLER(2007):
found that even where there was
pooling,
the
men always made
the
financial decisions.
A 'PERSONAL LIFE' PERSPECTIVE ON MONEY
Focuses
on the
meanings couples
give to who
controls the money
. The
meaning of money
may have in a
relationship cannot be taken for granted
.
SMART(2007):
found that
some gay men
and
lesbians attached
no importance
to
who controlled
the
money
and were
perfectly happy
to
leave their partners to it
. They
did not see controlling
of
money
as
equality
or
inequality
in a
relationship
.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
DOBASH & DOBASH:
found that violent incidents could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority such as a wife asking why her husbands was late home for dinner.
OFFICIAL STATISTIC
Statistics
on
domestic violence understate
the
true extent
of it
due
to
2 main reasons:
-
1).
Victims
may be
unwilling
to
report it
to the
police
YEARNSHIRE(1997)
found that
a woman suffers 35 assaults
before
making a report.
2).
Police
and
prosecutors
may
not be willing
to
investigate cases
and
prosecute
. According to
CHEAL(1991)
- this
reluctance
is due to the fact that
police
and
other agencies
are
reluctant
to get
involved on the family.
EXPLANATIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
THE RADICAL FEMINIST EXPLANATION
- This
emphasises
the
role
of
patriarchal ideas
,
cultural values
and
institution.
THE MATERIAL EXPLANANTION
- This
emphasises
economic factors
such as
lack of resources.
THE RADICAL FEMINIST EXPLANATION
SHULAMITH FIRESTONE(1970)
- argue that
all societies
have
been founded
on
patriarchy
, they believe the
division between men
and
women
is
clear
.
Men
are the
enemy
and the
oppressors
and
exploiters of women.