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SYSTEMS OF INTEGRITY AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS, NATASYA NURMALIA…
SYSTEMS OF INTEGRITY AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS
Nervous System
Afferent
functions to transmit impuls from receptors stimulation to spinal cord
general senses
special sense
Efferent
somatic
carries both afferent and efferent nerve fibers
relax motor commands from CNS to stimulate muscle contractions
structure
12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves
allows to move and control muscles throughout the body
autonomic
sympathetic
fight or flight
prepares for heavy activity or stress event
thoracolumbar
parasympathetic
rest and digest
happens when body is at rest - not urgent
craniasocral
CELL EKLECTRICAL PHENOMENA
Depolarization
decrease in potential, membrane less negative
repolarization
return to resting potential after depolarization
Potential Membrane
Ion
sodium ions
Natrium (Na)
Chloride (Cl)
potassium ions
Kalium (K)
Proteins (A)
Ion Channels
K leak channel
Na - K ATPase Pump
difference in electrical charge between intracellular and extracellular
resting membrane potential
hyperpolarization
increase in potential, membrane more negative
Action Potential
when a certain ion channel opens, there will be a movement of ions down its concentration gradient
SYNAPES AND NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Neuromuscular junction
a synaptic connection between the terminal of motor end plate and muscles
the site for the transmission of action potential to induce muscle contraction
synapses
chemical synapse
neuromuscular junction - found in muscles
electrical synapse
found in all nervous system
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-MOTORIC
Superior extremities
N. Radialis
N. Medianus
N. Axillaris
N. Ulnaris
N. Musculocutaneous
Inferior extremities
N. femoris
N. Ischiadicus
SCELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
Cardiac Muscles
The nucleus
Cylindrical and branched
Intercalary disc
Found only in the heart
Skeletal Muscle
Nuclei
Myofibril
Endomysium
Sarcolemma
Perimysium
fascicle
Epimysium
Blood vessel
Sceletal muscle type
otot fast oxidiate
otot fast glycolitik
otot slow oxidiate
JOINT
Amfiartrosis
allows limited movement
Diartrosis
allows free movement of the joint
ball joint
saddle joint
pivot joint
hinge joint
Synartrosis
does not allow any movement (fixed joint)
MECHANISM FOR SENDING NERVE IMPULSES
action potential propagates at the axon terminal, opens the Ca gate, Ca Len enters the axon terminal, pulls the Act vesicles closer to the nerve membrane, the vesicles release Act into the synaptic cleft
NATASYA NURMALIA 2208260122