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Factors influencing vulnerability to hazards - U2 - 2023 - Coggle Diagram
Factors influencing vulnerability to hazards - U2 - 2023
Rock Type
Permebaility
Impermeable rock - moitsure is held in the soil which raises the risk of liquefaction.
Resistance of Rock
Soft rock during an earthquake will produce more ground shaking than hard rock. This is called amplification.
Relief
Steep Slopes
Areas with steep slopes are at greater risk of landslides. EQ and volcano events.
Shape of the ground
A bowl shaped depression in an EQ event will increase the ground shaking as the seismic waves bounce off the sides of the valley e.g. Nepa EQ of 2015.
Location
Plate Margins
EQ vs Volcano - Only find volcanoes at destructive and constructive margins
Most explosive volcanoes are found at destructive margins. Composite cone volcanoes.
Places such as the UK which are far from plate margins have low hazard risk.
Landlocked Countries
These tend to be poor and so often cannot fund hazard management. Also response is slow as aid needs to travel by land/air.
Population Density
Leads to higher building density
Increases the risk to people as more buildings may collapse during a hazard event.
Raises risk of disease after a hazard event as more people can spread the disease. E.g. Cholera outbreak in the Haiti EQ of 2010.
Economic Development
Quality of buildings - in a developed country, less likely to collapse in the event of a hazard.
Ability of government to fund education for hazards e.g. EQ Drills.
Hazard monitoring - volcano prediction is much more possible in developed countries.
Frequency
No Frequency - No hazards
Low Frequency - 1 event every 150-200 years
Quite high vulnerability - lack of awareness of risks, lack of hazard management.
Medium Frequency - 1 event every 25-150 years
Positive for vulnerability - likely to be some awareness of risk and hazard management. But not, crucially, always recovering from an event.
High Frequency - 1 event every 25 years
Perpetual cycle of reovery