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1 FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE, monarchies, modern age, class…
1 FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE
Modern age: time of change and new inventions.
After the Middle Ages: from 15th to 18th centuries.
1 SOCIETY AND THE FEUDAL ECONOMY
Modern age -> same as the Middle Ages: divided according to privileges.
THE THREE ESTATES OF THE REALM (CLASS SYSTEM)
Nobles (lords of feudal manors)
Don't pay taxes, collected money from peasants.
Clergy
Look after souls of people, don't pay taxes
King and queen
His power and position depends -> powerful privilaged states.
Peasants
"Common people": craftsmen, traders, doctors, jurists... Payed taxes, work on nobles lands.
LIMITED SOCIAL MOBILITY
Peasants move upwars in society -> military career, the Church, or getting rich.
COLLECTIVE PRIVILEGES: CITIES
Monarchs gave cities privileges: collect taxes, enjoy monopolies and justice in towns under their jurisdiction.
The city council: in charge of these privilages.
In theory -> for all inhabitants.
In practice -> restricted -> riches memebers. (landowners, rich traders and craftspeople)
CRAFT GUILDS
Enjoyed economic collective privileges: monopolies, manufacture specific products.
2 MONARCHS AND THEIR KINGDOMS
Political system organised as society. Power disputed -> monarch, privilaged states and cities.
Political and social conflict: violence, rebellions...
Estate courts and parliaments.
MONARCHIES OF THE 16TH CENTURY
Most Europeans lived -> Portugal, England and France.
Kingdoms joined -> composite monarchies (equal kingdoms manteining their laws and institutions).
Independent political entities acted like kingdoms (they weren't).
Holy Roman Empire -> political entity
3 BASIC TRAITS OF A NEW ERA
Religious changes
Persecuted: Jews and Muslims. And wars between Christians.
Social changes
Urban growth (third state became: diverse and complex) and bourgioisie improved.
Cultural changes
New: artistic styles, cultural movements, pringting press and discovered continents.
Political changes
Monarchies get power (estate courts and parliaments didn't disappear).
Royal court became -> powerfull and the nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie involved in government.
Economic changes
New: craft, trade and financial activities. Main economic activity: agriculture and livestock farming
4 THE FACTORS BEHIND GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY
15th and 16th centuries -> geographical discoveries (with voyages).
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Europeans needed gold and silver (coins) and silk and spices.
1453 Byzantium -> took by the Ottoman Turks. (traditional route to get spices closed).
So Europeans have to search other routes.
Spice trade
Spices didn't exist in Europe (people wanted to -> season, preserve and provide variety to a diet).
Most commons: cinnamon, cloves, pepper, nutmeg and ginger.
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
Late middle ages: stagnation -> population growth (Increased the demand of products).
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FACTORS
Islam was reinforced by the Ottomans -> there was a religious rivalry.
SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Spirit of Renaissance inspired -> discovering and exploring. (Example: The Travels of Marco Polo)
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS
Advances in navigation (Examples: carracks and caravels). Geographers started believing world was round.
