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Global Systems and Governance - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Economic
        
        Stablised incomes and improvements to standards of living.
        
        Guaranteed fair wage and long-term supply contract, including direct access to new and international markets.
        
        Additional capital raised for reinvestment (washer tanks)
        
        Migrant labourers are helped (assistance to buy their own land)
      - Social
        
        Healthcare benefits
        
        Provision of medical and educational supplies.
        
        Social security system (retirements)
        
        Marginalised groups (HIV/AIDS sufferers) helped find employment.
- - - - Migration
        Economic migrants
        Refugees
        Asylum seekers
      - 3-4% of the world’s population are international migrants.
      - 14% HIC population international migrants<2% LIC’s population international migrants.
      - Importance of international migrants on the NHS- only 63% tractors trained in the UK.
      - Overpopulation of developed countries and exploitation in high and low income countries for unskilled workers.
    - - Glocalisation- marketing is slightly altered to appeal to local markets, such as KitKat in Japan.
    - - Benefits of Unequal Flows
        
        Increased workforce (44% of cleaning industry in London is MEG)
        
        Ties to diaspora regions
        
        Remittances
        
        Ethically fleeing from conflict and poverty.
        
        FDI can improve quality of life
      - Problems of Unequal Flows
        
        Brain drain
        
        Dependency on migrant workers (Brexit)
        
        Overpopulation (inadequacy of services)
        
        Tensions of ‘job stealing’, racism, xenophobia
        
        Dependence on remittances.
        
        Dependence on aid
        
        Exploitation of workers
        
        Privatisation (concentration of profits)
        
        Cultural homogenisation
        
        Gaddafi (Libya dictator) funded IRA separatist military operations.
    - - Foreign Direct Investment
        Made mainly by TNCs based in one country, into the physical capital or assets of foreign enterprises.
        
        Setting up a subsidiary
        
        Acquire shares
        
        Mergers or joint ventures
      - Repatriation of Profits
        TNCs investing in overseas production normally take any profit made from that investment back to their home country head-quarters, called economic leakage.
      - Aid
        Provided through the UN (multilateral) , or bilaterally by one government to another. Aid can be supplied in the form of financial support or in the form of technology and expertise.
      - Remittance Payments
        Transfers of money made by foreign workers to family in their home country. Remittances are becoming increasingly improtant for developing countries,
      - Between core and periphery regions, the IMF and World Bank.
      - Migration
        People moved from periphery locations to the core locations contributing to the economy throguh taaxess and living costs.
      - Loans
        Can be through intermediateries such as the World Bank and IMF to periphery regions, from intermediaries to core locations or from intermediaries to core locations.
  - - - Economies of scale- increasing profit by producing a larger quantity of products (reducing manufacturing costs)
      - Global supply chains- organised management of product flows from resourcing to consumption.
      - Outsourcing- Hiring of other companies to complete tasks (advertising or call centres)
      - Offshoring- relocating company processes abroad
    - - TNCs invest profits for greater interest
      - Buying and selling of stocks from global corporations
      - Countries invest and take loans. From financial institutions such as the World Bank.
    - - Containerisation has meant that heavy goods can be transported around the world, distances never reachable prior.
      - High speed rail
    - - Restrictions include tariffs (a tax for importing and exporting goods), non tariff barriers (quotas) and outright bans.
  - - - TNCs trade products internationally, using international outsourcing and offshoring to lower costs.
      - Industries move to developing countries saving money Ono labour, which brings economic growth there.
      - Trade Blocs create economic integration
      - Global transactions such as shipping costs.
    - - Intergovernmental bodies and blocs, trade or defence,
      - Western democracy on eastern economies conversion from strict state intervention to laissez faire.
        
        Decline of communism.
      - Deregulation policies especially within trade blocs.
      - Insurance and promotion of international cooperation and global peace, unity against poverty.
    - - Media allows for cultural recognition, and transport allows for cultural experiences.
      - Greater international awareness of cultural issues, such as deforestation on tribal communities.
      - Threat of cultural homogenisation with westernisation
        
        Impact on local sense of place, lost to larger international brands and cultures.
    - - Multicultural societies
      - Ease of social interaction across physical boundaries
      - International charities, NGOs and governing bodies protect welfare such as the WHO.
      - Emergence of global criminal networks
      - Information and intelligence sharing.
      - Increased immigration (net record in 2022 of 606k UK), proposes threat to nationalisation of services.
        
        2022 UK policy to limit family visas of international students from 2024.
- - - - Signed in 1959 by 12 countries studying in and around Antarctica.
        Article I: Antarctic shall be used for peaceful purposes only
        Article II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation until the end will continue
        Article III: Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available,
      - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and the UK have overlapping territorial claims.
        The US and Russia maintain a ‘basis of claim’
        This act explicitly states that no new claim to territorial sovereignty shall be asserted whilst the Treaty is in force.
  - - - Increased populations= increased demand for plastic consumption.
      - Consumption of plastic micro beads by small marine creatures such as fish , accumulating in the food chain.
        
        This means that human food is increasingly tested for plastic content.
        The ingestion of plastic for other marine creatures results. In the prevention of adequate absorption of nutrients, and can limit them eating further.
        
        2009 Study of Leatherback Turtles
        
        Critically endangered
        
        1/3 of them had plastic in their systems.
    - - TNCs such as Neutrogena phasing out plastics (consumer reaction)
        NGO Ocean Conservancy monitor oceans, raising awareness on emerging issues such as ocean acidification.
      - Ocean Conservancy collaborated with Norton Point making sunglasses out of recycled plastics.
        This encourages beach cleaning as well as raising profits for Ocean Conservancy.
      - UN global campaigning seek to eliminate major plastic sources, with limited direct manipulation authority.
        They set moral precedent.
      - Indonesia, Uruguay and Costa Rica have all pledged the application of reduction methods
        These have coastlines.
        They are not necessarily highly developed.
      - The oceans also face problems from whaling.
        The International Whaling Commission has protected keys marine species , alongside the 1982 global ban on commercial whaling.
        Japan use the excuse of ‘scientific study’ to continue hunting whales.
      - Management of these issues tend to only be initiated at ‘breaking point’.
  - - - Latitude: Further from equator, the lower the angle that the sun is in the sky, giving less heat.
        
        Distance from sea: land warms up and cools down more quickly than the sea, the more inland, the warmer.
        
        Altitide: The higher you go, the colder, it is the highest continent.
        
        Wind Direction: Areas can be sheltered by the vast mountain ranges such as the Transantarctic Mountains.
        
        Albedo: light snow covered surfaces reflect the heat, colder than areas that are urbanised or vegetation covered.
    - - Climate Change
        East Antarctica’s Ice sheet is thickening, greater precipitation only slows sea level rise by a tenth of a millimetre a year.
        West Antarctica’s Ice sheet is more vulnerable, this glacial ice slide into the sea will contribute a 5m rise.
        Rainwater becomes more carbonic leading to ocean acidification.
      - Fishing
        Nineteenth century saw Norwegian, British and American exploitation of blue whales for oil and baleen, then for meat and bonemeal.
        Due to dangerously low stocks, commercial whaling ceased mainly in 1985.
        Fishing has replaced whaling. Japanese fishing of krill.
        Fishing ships directly destroy marine habitats and contaminate water.
        Krill oil capsules can retail for as much as £40 for 100 capsules.
        Krill underpins virtually the whole Antarctic food system.
      - Research
        30 countries have research bases in Antarctica , including the UK (British Antarctic Survey)
        Vital for research into climate change where ice cores have been extracted to include ice up to 400,000 years old.
        Energy- generating foods are required due tot he living conditions, all of which has to be transported.
        Although well briefed, scientists still disturb wildlife and the wider environment through vehicle exhausts, construction of buildings and other facilities such as fuel storage.
      - Mineral Resources
        Deposits include coal, oil manganese titanium, gold and silver.
        Sizeable deposits easy to reach are rare, and not economically viable to mine.
        Any mineral exploitation has to overcome an extensively hostile environment.
        No commercial mining since , but future demands is likely to pressure this.
        In the 1970s/80s, members of the Antarctic Treaty were formulating nw minerals convention to allow future exploration.
        This convention was adoption in 1988 but did not come into force as it was not ratified by all members.
      - Tourism
        Glacial landscapes, wildlife, and historic sites have caused numbers to rise from less than 2000 annually in the 1980s to 27,000 in 2011-12.
        Mostly ship-borne, visiting on small cruise ships
        The Scott Polar Institute however found that tourists mainly do protect the environment, with more waste being produced by scientific research,
- - - - Mergers companies join to form one larger company
      - Acquisitions A TNC buys another company to expand,
    - - Horizontal taking ownership of a company often in a similar industry.
      - Vertical taking ownership of part of the supply chain,