Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Tumor and cancer, 6510410256 Katkanog Rukkhat - Coggle Diagram

- - - - abnormality of the patient is stools containing blood, extreme weakness Have constipation on a regular basis and 3 months before coming to the hospital, she lost 3 kilograms in weight and had alternating constipation and diarrhea.
    - - during the onset of symptoms Constipation, notice that the stool is hard and smaller. and defecated with fresh blood, symptoms come and go all the time
        
        The patient's condition may be caused by constipation for a long time until the colon muscles become abnormal and then tumors can develop into cancer if doesn't surgery or come to take a treatment
    - - have a slight anemia Normal vital signs, Fecal occult blood test positive and colonoscopy with biopsy revealed a 4 cm mass in the rectum area. do surgery
- - - - Cancerous
        
        Malignant or cancerous tumors can spread into nearby tissue, glands and other parts of the body. The new tumors are metastases (mets). Cancerous tumors can come back after treatment (cancer recurrence). These tumors can be life-threatening.
        
        Types of malignant tumors
        Types of cancerous tumors include:
        
        Bone tumors (osteosarcoma and chordomas).
        
        Brain tumors such as glioblastoma and astrocytoma
        
        Malignant soft tissue tumors and sarcomas.
        
        Organ tumors such as lung cancer and pancreatic cancer.
        
        Ovarian germ cell tumors.
        
        Skin tumors (such as squamous cell carcinoma).
      - Noncancerous
        
        Benign tumors are not cancerous and are rarely life-threatening. They’re localized, which means they don’t typically affect nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Many noncancerous tumors don’t need treatment. But some noncancerous tumors press on other body parts and do need medical care.
        
        Types of benign tumors
        Common noncancerous tumors include:
        
        Benign bone tumors (osteomas).
        
        Brain tumors such as meningiomas and schwannomas.
        
        Gland tumors such as pituitary adenomas.
        
        Lymphatic tumors such as angiomas
        
        Benign soft tissue tumors such as lipomas.
        
        Uterine fibroids.
      - Precancerous
        
        These noncancerous tumors can become cancerous if not treated.
        
        Types of precancerous tumors
        Precancerous tumors include
        
        Actinic keratosis, a skin condition.
        
        Cervical dysplasia.
        
        Colon polyps.
        
        Ductal carcinoma in situ, a type of breast tumor.
    - - Symptoms of a tumor vary depending on where the tumor develops and whether it’s cancerous. You may be able to feel the mass, as with a breast lump.
    - - Your body is constantly making new cells to replace old or damaged ones that die off. Sometimes, the cells don’t die off as expected. Or, new cells grow and multiply faster than they should. The cells start to pile up, forming a tumor.
- - - - The Definition of Cancer
        
        Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
        
        Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through a process called cell division) to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
        
        Sometimes this orderly process breaks down, and abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply when they shouldn’t. These cells may form tumors, which are lumps of tissue. Tumors can be cancerous or not cancerous (benign).
        
        Cancerous tumors spread into, or invade, nearby tissues and can travel to distant places in the body to form new tumors (a process called metastasis). Cancerous tumors may also be called malignant tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, but cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not.
        
        Benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. When removed, benign tumors usually don’t grow back, whereas cancerous tumors sometimes do. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. Some can cause serious symptoms or be life threatening, such as benign tumors in the brain.
      - Differences between
        Cancer Cells and Normal Cells
        
        Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways. For instance, cancer cells:
        
        grow in the absence of signals telling them to grow. Normal cells only grow when they receive such signals.
        
        ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or to die (a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis).
        
        invade into nearby areas and spread to other areas of the body. Normal cells stop growing when they encounter other cells, and most normal cells do not move around the body.
        
        tell blood vessels to grow toward tumors. These blood vessels supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products from tumors.
        
        hide from the immune system. The immune system normally eliminates damaged or abnormal cells.
        
        trick the immune system into helping cancer cells stay alive and grow. For instance, some cancer cells convince immune cells to protect the tumor instead of attacking it.
        
        accumulate multiple changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Some cancer cells have double the normal number of chromosomes.
        
        rely on different kinds of nutrients than normal cells. In addition, some cancer cells make energy from nutrients in a different way than most normal cells. This lets cancer cells grow more quickly.
      - How Does Cancer Develop?
        
        ENLARGE
        
        Cancer is caused by certain changes to genes, the basic physical units of inheritance. Genes are arranged in long strands of tightly packed DNA called chromosomes.
        
        Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, it is caused by changes to genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide.
        
        Genetic changes that cause cancer can happen because:
        
        of errors that occur as cells divide.
        
        of damage to DNA caused by harmful substances in the environment, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke and ultraviolet rays from the sun. (Our Cancer Causes and Prevention section has more information.)
        
        they were inherited from our parents.
        
        The body normally eliminates cells with damaged DNA before they turn cancerous. But the body’s ability to do so goes down as we age. This is part of the reason why there is a higher risk of cancer later in life.
        
        Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic changes. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, different cells may have different genetic changes.
      - Types of Genes that Cause Cancer
        
        The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes—proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer.
        
        Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (or oncogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not.
        
        Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner.
        
        DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA. Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes and changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous.
        
        As scientists have learned more about the molecular changes that lead to cancer, they have found that certain mutations commonly occur in many types of cancer. Now there are many cancer treatments available that target gene mutations found in cancer. A few of these treatments can be used by anyone with a cancer that has the targeted mutation, no matter where the cancer started growing.