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Unit 2- SMART Management Models - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pollution
      - Environmental protection
      - Attractivity of natural conditions
      - Sustainable resource management
    - - Public and social services
      - Transport governance
      - Participation in decision-making
      - Political strategies & perspectives
    - - Flexibility
      - Creativity
      - Social and ethnic plurality
      - Cosmopolitanism / Open-mindedness
      - Affinity to life long learning
      - Participation in public life
      - Level of qualification
    - - (Inter-)national accessibility
      - Availability of ICT-infraestructure
      - Local accessibility
      - Sustainable, innovative and safe transport systems
    - - Productivity
      - Flexibility of labour market
      - Economic image & trademarks
      - Entrepreneurship
      - International embeddedness
      - Innovative spirit
      - Ability to transform
    - - Individual safety
      - Housing quality
      - Health conditions
      - Education facilities
      - Cultural facilites
      - Touristic attractivity
      - Social cohesion
  - - - Smart Tech
      - Mobile Tech
      - Infraestructures
      - Virtual Tech
      - Digital Networks
    - - Policies
      - Regulations
      - Governance
    - - Human infrastructurs
      - Social Capital
- - - - Processes (workers)
      - Experience (ens-user / visitor)
    - - ICT
        
        Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), are the set of technologies that allow accessing, produce, treat and communicate the information presented in different codes (text, image, sound, ...)
        
        ICTS are related to three basic media: informatics, microelectronics, and telecommunications. The most important of ICTs is the way to interact and interconnect each media to create new communicative realties.
        
        Features - Characteristics
        
        Digitialization
        
        Innovation
        
        Diversity
        
        Automatization
        
        Immaterial
        
        Interaction
        
        Interconnection
        
        Instantaneous Quality
      - Sensors
        
        The sensor is a technology that imitates the sensorial system of human by using different machines to interact with the environment and the people.
        
        Velocity
        
        Infrared Radiation
        
        Light
        
        Sound
        
        Contact
        
        Temperature
        
        Proximity / Movement
      - Blockchain
        
        The technology that allows people to control every transaction done by internet by their own (purchases, transferences, payments...) without the intermediation of a bank and its taxes or fees.
      - Geospatial Tech
        
        The sensor is a technology that imitates the sensorial system of human by using different machines to interact with the environment and the people
        
        Geographic Information System (GIS)
        
        Information systems enabling the creation, organization, and presentation of data in a spatially referenced form, as well as the production of maps and charts
        
        Remote Sensing
        
        The acquisition of images and information from afar. (Example: Images and data collected remotely)
        
        Global Positioning System (GPS)
        
        A satellite-based geolocation system that functions worldwide and is accessible to the
        public via GPS units
      - Mobility
        
        And...when we talk about Smart Mobility?
        
        Easy to Use
        
        Anyitme
        
        Anywhere
        
        -
        
        Autonomus driving
        
        Shared mobility
        
        Connectivity
        
        Electrification
        
        Direct Vehicle Communication
        
        Integrated connectivity can facilitate automation and autonomy among vehciles on the road
        
        So, the Smart Mobility should be:
        
        Efficient: low time, low pollution, more comfortable, low use of energy, cheaper, more accessible and inclusive.
        
        Integrated: door-to-door planned routes combining more than one transport
        
        Flexible: adaptable to ach different situation.
        
        Safe: reduction of road traffic crashes, safer in every respect
      - Internet of Things (IOT)
        
        The IoT universe represents a huge platform to connect people, objects (things), and the environment. This is related to the interaction between the digital and the real-world.
        In the beginning, this network just worked with "things", but now the network already includes biological items.
        
        What's the near future of IoT?
        
        Vehicles
        
        Packaging and delivery
        
        Pets
        
        Home
        
        People care
        
        Farming
        
        Energy
        
        Safety
      - Data
        
        Evolution
        
        Beginning of XIX century - Small Data
        
        The first Industrial Revolution is the beginning of the automation of processes thanks to great inventions such as the steam engine.
        
        1950-Present - Medium Data
        
        In the mid-20th century the informatics starts the race to the digitalization:
        
        20.000 years ago - No data
        
        From the first humans in the earth, the wish of "not to forget" has been one of the things that promote the collection of data. So, the first collection system was the paintings, then the writing, and then the measuring.
        
        What is the Data?
        
        The data allows us to describe, detail or measure something regardless of the medium of storage.
        
        2000-present - Big Data
        
        Speeder as we can imagine. Data is processed almost immediately, almost in real-time.
        
        Usually happens in connection with more than one machines simultaneously.
        
        Data Size
        
        Big data is a huge volume of data, is so hogh that is impossible to fit in just one machine.
      - Energy
        
        Campus
  - - - The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice.
      - The 17 Goals are all interconnected, and in order to leave no one behind,
        it is important that we achieve them all by 2030. (UNITED NATIONS)
  - - - Effective collaboration
      - Performance orientation
      - Openness, transparency and integrity
    - - In this case ICT-based tools, such as social media, and openness can be factors that increase citizen engagement and support the development of new governance models for smart government.
      - Smart governance may also have an important role in smart city initiatives, which require complex interactions between governments, citizens and other stakeholders.
    - - Participator & Processes
        
        “Les Garrigues Altes” case study. In 2019 this region contact us to implement a sustainable tourism model to two different municipalities.
        
        We develop a project including a set of actors:
        
        CORE-TEAM
        
        Academic representatives (Director and Coordinator of Master's Degree in Tourism Business Management
        
        CO-CREATORS TEAM
        
        Institutional team (town councils of two towns)
        
        Private team (tourist attractions businesses)
        
        Students team (group of students)
        
        ONG team (an environment association)
        
        Community team (groups of citizens)
        
        FACILITATORS
        
        Lecturers and Researchers team (support)
        
        4 STEPS
        
        STEP 2
        
        Data collection: interviews, participation techniques (co-creation), direct observation.
        
        Diagnosis.
        
        Field work in the territory.
        
        STEP 3
        
        Presentation of the diagnosis to the stakeholders.
        
        Discussion of the diagnosis.
        
        Data collection for the design of the sustainable tourism model.
        
        Design of the sustainable tourism model.
        
        STEP 1
        
        Prospection work
        
        Design of the methodological tools
        
        Analysis of the current situation of the destination and its companies
        
        STEP 4
        
        Presentation of designed proposals and creation of public-private working groups for the implementation of the sustainable tourism model.
        
        Some Results of the Project First Stages
        
        Territory Attractives
        
        Competitive Elements
        
        Added Value
        
        Forecast of actions to anticipate future impacts
        
        Terriotry Weaknesses
      - Governance Digial Platforms
        
        Decidim Barcelona
        
        Website created to encourage citizen participation in decision making processes, including issues related to budgets, heritage conservation, use of public spaces, etc.
        
        This platform aims to:
        
        Governance: promoting collective security to live in socially inclusive neighborhoods.
        
        Transversality: to act and respond to problems of coexistence and safety.
        
        Knowledge: and innovation: building a smart and safe city, promoting inclusive and transversal education.
        
        Efficiency: improve security management by adapting it to new demands and realities of citizens and territories.
        
        But...examining the platform we can discover...
        
        However, all initiatives have a tracking system in which an evolution can be observed, interest grows as time goes by.
        
        But, at the same time, a decrease in the volume of initiatives carried out in the time period from January 2018 to May 2020 can be observed.
        
        The level of active collaboration by the community is limited (most of the initiatives proposed by the institutional layer lack a high number of proposals or citizen support).
        
        In addition, this platform shows a total of 42 participatory processes, of which 4 refer to the tourism field, one related to the urban and commercial restructuring of the 22@ neighbourhood in the Poblenou district, indirectly related to tourism, and 3 participatory processes directly related to the management of the tourist destination.
- - - - Demand Models
        
        Just contemplate the demand in terms of needs and behavior of visitors.
      - Destination Development Models
        
        Includes history and evolution of destinations to understand demographics, territory evolution, and growth or decrease of tourism activity.
      - Structured-Functional Models
        
        Or “Tourist System”, focused on the internal shape and dynamics of tourism activity.
      - Impact Models
        
        Focused on the analysis of the tourism impacts in the territory and local community
    - - Process Models
        
        Focused on the demand to understand the needs and behavior of visitors community
      - Function Models
        
        Study the tourism activities and dynamics to determine a correct tourism development in the destination
      - General Models or Systems
        
        Goal: increase the competitiveness and sustainability of the destination
      - Organizational Models
        
        Goal: to create a strategy that allows actors to standardize its processes (looking for a good governance)
    - - Moscardo's Theoretical Model
        
        Focused on the demand of a territory (Moscardo Cooper, 2001)
      - Inskeep's Theoretical Model
        
        Centred on the dimensions that compose the territory (Inskeep, 1991).