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CHAPTER 6 - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 6
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Hydrolysis of ATP:
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Cells Use it to Drive Endergonic Reactions , net
free energy change
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Laws of Thermodynamics :
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First Law of Thermodynamics: “Law of conservation of energy”, Energy cannot be created or destroyed,
but can be transformed from one type to another
Inhibition:
Competitive inhibition:binds to the active site,Inhibits ability of substrate to bind
Noncompetitive inhibition: Lowers Vmax without affecting Km, Inhibitor binds to allosteric site, not active site
Enzyme reactions :
Saturation: Plateau where nearly all active sites are occupied by substrate, Vmax = velocity of reaction near the maximal rate
Michaelis constant, KM: Substrate concentration where velocity is half maximal value,needs a higher substrate
concentration,
Spontaneous reactions ( Exergonic ): occur without the input of additional energy, can be slow, free energy change -if ΔG is negative,Energy is released,ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi
not spontaneous (Endergonic) : ΔG>0 (positive free energy change), Requires addition of energy to drive reaction , Glucose + Phosphate → Glucose-6-phosphate + H2O
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Activation energy: Initial input of energy, achieve transition state, ways to overcome it : 1: heat 2:enzymes (Straining bonds in reactants,Positioning reactants together, Changing local environment)
Other enzyme terminology: Active site, Substrates,Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrate binding: specificity for their
substrate by enzyme, Lock, and key metaphor for substrate and enzyme binding ,Induced fit phenomenon
Metabolism: Chemical reactions occur in metabolic
pathways, a specific enzyme, Catabolic pathways, recycling , energy(breakdown)(Exergonic), Anabolic pathways(Synthesis) ( Endergonic) Biosynthetic reactions , energy inputs
ways to make ATP: 1:Substrate-level phosphorylation, 2 :Chemiosmosis
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NADH: energy intermediates, make ATP, donate electrons
Regulation of metabolic pathways: Gene regulation, Cellular regulation,Biochemical regulation
mRNA degradation: Exonucleases , Exosome
Proteasome: breaks down proteins, Proteases cleave bonds between amino acids, Ubiquitin ( improperly folded proteins ) ( changing
cell conditions )
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