INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY , ENZYME AND METANOLISM BC91E81F-B184-48A4-A0D5-5D5AB7C25373

Energy and chemical reaction

Chemical energy

Law of thermodynamics

Two forms

Enzyme and ribozymes :

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

The energy in molecular bonds in a form of potential energy

First law

Second law

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Increases the entropy

Total energy = usable energy + nsable

Spontaneous reaction

Exergonic ( spontaneous

Endergonic ( not spontaneous )

Enzymes

Ribozymes

Catalyst

An agent that speed up the rate of chemical energy

Proteins catalysts in living cells

RNA molecules with catalytic properties

Example : ribosome and splicesome

Enzyme reaction

Saturation

Michelins constant

Inhibition

Competitive inhibitor

Noncompatitive inhibitor

Molecules bind to active site

Inhibitor bind to allosteric site

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Requirements for enzyme

Cofactor

Coenzyme

Prosthetic group

Metabolism

Catabolic pathways

Anabolic pathway

Metabolic pathways in chemical reaction

Breakdown cellular components

Exergonic

Synthesis cellular components

Endergonic

Energy stored in intermediates such as attached, NADH

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RECYCLING of organic molecules

MRNA degradation

Proteasome

Regulation of metabolic pathway

Lysosome

NADH

Redox reaction

Oxidation

Reduction

Removal of electron

Addition of electron

Electron removed by oxidation of organic molecules are used to create energy intermediates like NADH

NADH useful in two ways

Releases lot energy when oxidized that can be used it make ATP

Can donate electron during synthesis reaction to energize them

Gene regulation

Cellular regulation

Biochemical regulation

Exonucleases

Exosome

Enzyme cleave off nucleitides fron 5 end

Mutiprotiens complex uses exonucleases to clean mRNA from the 3 end

Proteases

Ubiquities

Break don peotiens using protease enzyme

Tags target protein to the proteasome to be broken down and recycles

Cleave bind between amino acids

Contain hydrolases to break down protine …

Autophagy

Recycling worn out organelles using an Autophagy some

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