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Lee, 2013, Measures, Knowlegde regimes / Technological paradigms, Lee,…

- - - - 1960s-1970s: driven by capital accumulation.
      - 1980s-1990s: driven by technological capability accumulation.
    - - Lower-income countries: Secondary education and political institutions.
      - Middle- and higher-income countries: policies facilitating technology development and higher education.
    - - Local learning; and
        
        Tacitness or explicitness of knowledge: a higher degree of explicitness in a given sector or technology is associated with a higher degree of catch up.
        
        Relative technological cycle: the quicker technological knowledge becomes obsolete, the less important it is for latecomers to master old knowledge; thus, there is a higher possibility for catch up.
      - Access to foreign technologies.
        
        Potential spillover from advanced to catch up economies in each sector.
        
        Technology transfer channels:
        
        Informal learning;
        
        Licensing;
        
        FDI;
        
        Strategic alliances;
        
        Co-development; and others...
- - - - Appropriability conditions;
        
        Levels of technological opportunities;
        
        Education and skill levels;
        
        Degree of openness to foreign competition; and
        
        Size of the market.
    - - Frequency of innovation;
        
        Uncertainty of the technical trajectory; and
        
        Access to foreign knowledge.
    - - Cycle of technical changes; and
        
        Access to foreign knowledge.
    - - Degrees of knowledge tacitness; and
        
        Embodied technological changes.