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LANGUAGE CONTACT - Coggle Diagram
LANGUAGE CONTACT
Syntax
that existing romance tendencies might have been promoted by Germanic parallels.
Roman Jakobson (1938)
posits that a language accepts foreign structural elements only when they correspond to that language’s own evolutionary tendencies
Weinreich (1953),
specifies that in this case language contact has the role of triggering or accelerating independently evolving phenomena.
case system
nominative singular lerre ‘thief’ versus oblique singular larron
Inflectional case distinction also existed in Frankish
hypothesis of Frankish ‘support’ for the existing Gallo-Romance forms is that the two-case system apparently survived longest in northern and NE France, where the Franks held the most influence
V2 rule
corresponds to structures also found in Germanic and could suggest that Germanic influence is at work. Conversely, verb-second constructions are pervasive in medieval Romance languages, and thus there is no compelling need to invoke Germanic influence.
This could be a case of internal innovation which is promoted by the active bilingualism of Frankish and Gallo-Romance
77% of chanson de rolan (posner)
emergence of obligatory subject pronouns
fronting of verb in interrogative
Italian
-esque from Italian
the use of estre rather than avoir as the auxiliary verb in compound tenses of estre, may have been given new vigour because of the parallel use of the auxiliary 'to be' in ltalian
lexical
fine arts
attitude, calque, coloris, filigrane, fresque, groupe, miniature, morbide, morbidesse, reflet, svelte and the calque élève, based on allievo
music
basson, opéra, partition, récitatif, ritournelle,sonate, tenor
Du Bellay’s Defense et illustration de la langue Françoise (1549) was an adaptation to French of an Italian text on Italian
the Académie Française set up a century later (1635) was modelled on the Florentine Academia della Crusca
bilingualism
bilingualism
bilingualism can lead to
interference phenomena
, a prolonged state of bilingualism may lead to abandonment of one of the languages (cf. the fate of Occitan in southern France today);
Weinriech (1953) asserted that ‘two languages will be said to be in contact if they are used alternately by the same person’
Direct and indirect contact
direct contact (cohabitations, mix of populations) leads to bilingualism
Indirect contact (cultural, economic and political relations), usually in the written language, does not depend on a state of bilingualism, but on ephemeral bilingual contexts, and appears in educated individuals
substrate v. superstrate
Frankish influence
Lexical
Sala (2013),
there are six to seven hundred lexical loans, can be groups into two categories
cultural loan,
imposed by administration e.g. mariscalcus becoming Fr. Maréchal
everyday day life:
example houx (‘holly’), saule (willow), hêtre (‘beech tree’)
modern warfare and feudalism
: baron, franc and bouclier (‘shield’), guetter (‘to look out’)
calques
Derivational affixes e.g. negative prefix mé(s)- and the derogatory -ard (and -aud), continue to be productive freely combinable with Romance words vieillard ‘oldster, old man’, salaud ‘bastard, son of a bitch’
French indefinite personal pronoun on (< homo ‘person’) is a calque of Germanic man (cf. modern German man spricht = Fr. on parle ‘one speaks’
morphology
Wartburg (1939) interprets place names ending in -anges, -court, -ville, -villier as indications of settlers
Derivational affixes e.g. negative prefix mé(s)- and the derogatory -ard (and -aud), continue to be productive freely combinable with Romance words vieillard ‘oldster, old man’, salaud ‘bastard, son of a bitch’
Phonology
introduction of the word-initial /h/
survives in words of Germanic origin in dialects of Picardy, Wallonia and Lorraine
In French, /h/ has since been lost, but leaves a clear trace both in orthography, e.g., heaume ‘helmet’, hérisson ‘hedgehog’, haïr ‘hate’), and that they behave phonotactically as if consonant-initial (e.g., le hêtre ‘the beech’, not *l’hêtre
The /h/ sound uncommon in the world’s language so that it was correctly borrowed from Frankish suggests that the borrowing was intimated by bilinguals with a native or near native phonological command of both languages
the introduction of /w/
via a fortition stage /gw/, has emerged as /g/ in modern French: thus guère ‘hardly’, guêpe ‘wasp’, guérir ‘heal’, gagner ‘earn’.
Gaulish
(Celtic substrate influence)
vigesimal counting system
used partially in modern French and more extensively in old French (e.g., OFr. treis-vinz ‘three score (60)’, dix-huit-vinz ‘eighteen score
Phonology
Gallo-Romance fronting of /u/ to /y/ and of /a/ to /ε/
although these have plausible internal explanations
lexicon
Fr. briser
(Fr. boue ‘mud’, brai ‘pitch
Contaminations of Celtic and Latin words led to Fr. braire ‘bray’ (
brag- x ragere ‘low’), craindre ‘fear’ (
crit- x temere), orteil ‘toe’ (Gaulish ordiga x articulum ‘joint’).