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NERVOUS SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURULATION
occurs during the third and fourth weeks of pregnancy
At 3 weeks of gestation, the ectodermal layer on the dorsal side, called the neural plate, thickens and folds to form the neural indentation.
the highest type of folds on either side of the neural groove will elongate and begin to coalesce in the midline about one-half of its length.
somites are lumps of mesoderm, segmentally arranged along the neural grooves in the embryo.
the ends of these folds will form the neural crest, and the fused neural tube will form the encephalon and spinal cord
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENCHEPALON
located on the inner side of the caput region. based on the main cavity of the body is in the cavum cranii
main organs:
Mesencephalon
cerebral peduncle
Pons
functional pathway crossing
respiratory tract site
Denchephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Medulla Oblongata
structures called pyramids
Cerebrum
consists of symmetrical large hemispheres: Hemisphere Cerebri Dextra & Hemisphere Cerebri Left
Cerebral Cortex
Gyrus
Presentralis, Posentralis, Temporal, Occipital
Sulcus
Centalis, Lateralis, Parieto-occipiatlis
Lobus
Frontalis, Parietalis, Temporalis, Occipitalis
Area
auditory area
located in the temporal gyrus
sensory area
located in the postcentral gyrus
visualist area
located on the dorsal side of the parieto-occipital sulcus (in the temporal gyrus structure)
Broca's area
located on the superior side of the lateral sulcus & the antero-inferior side of the central sulcus
motor area
located in the precentral gyrus
inverted homunculus
Cerebellum
The structures found are the dextra and sinistra hemispheres
both of them are connected by a vermis structure
there is a structure in the form of rooms filled with LCS
Ventriculus latera
ventriculus tertius
Aquaductus cerebri
vebtriculus quartus
encephalon covering layer
piamater encheplani
aracnoide mater
duramater encheplali
vessels for the encephalon
A. Carotis Interna
A. Cerebri Anterior
A. Cerebri Media
A. Vertebralis
A. Basilaris
A. Cerebri Posterior
MEDULLA SPINALIS
Subtansia Grisea
Cornus Ventralis
contains motor neurons
Cornus Lateralis
Contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons
Cornu dorsal
consists of sensory neurons
Subtansia Alba
The existing structure is in the form of a trajectory
Tractus Corticospinalis
Tractus Spinothalamus
Tractus spinocerebelaris
Vessels for Medulla Spinalis
A. Spinalis Posterior
A. Spinalis Anterior
Medulla Spinalis covering layer
Piamater spinalis
Arachnoide mater spialis
dura mater soinalis
PERIFER NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVUS CRANIALIS
morphology
have a nukleus
mostly located in the brainstem
Passage at the Base Cranii Fossa
has 12 pairs of nerves
division of 12 pairs
N. Olfactorius (N. I)
nukcleus= Bulbus olfactorius → Tractus olfactorius → Area olfactorius.
N. Opticus (N. II)
nucleus= not founded in brainstem
N. Trochlearis (N. IV)
nucleus= Mesencephalon.
N. Oculomotorius (N. III)
nucleus= Mesencephalon.
N. Trigeminus (N. V)
divided into 3 parts
N. Ophtalmica (N. V1)
N. Maxillaris (N. V2)
N. Mandibularis (N. V3)
N. Abducens (N. VI)
nucleus= between the pons and the medulla oblongata.
N. Facialis (N. VII)
nucleus= Pons (between Pons and Medulla Oblongata).
N. Glossopharyngeus (N. IX)
nucleus= Medulla oblongata.
N. Vestibulocochlearis (N. VIII)
nucleus= between the pons and the medulla oblongata
N. Accesorius (N. XI)
nucleus= Medulla oblongata.
N. Vagus (N. X)
nucleus= Medulla oblongata.
N. Hypoglossus (N. XII)
nucleus= Medulla oblongata
NERVUS SPINALIS
consists of 31 pairs
consists of
N. Spinales Cervicales 1 – 8 (N C1 – C8)
N. Spinales Lumbales 1 – 5 (N L1-L5)
N. Spinales Thoracica 1 – 12 (N T1 – T12)
N. Spinales Sacrales 1 – 5 (N S1 – S5)
N. Spinales Coccygeus (N Co)
in the nerves can be found
Radix
Vental
carry motor neurons
Dorsal
carrying sensory neurons
Ramus
Ventral
carries Motor + Sensory neurons
to innervate the Superior and inferior Extremity Region
form a plexus structure
Plexus Cervicalis
located in N. Spinales C1 – C4/C5
Plexus Brachialis
N. Spinales C5 – T1/2
Plexus Lumbar
N. Spinales T12/L1 – L4
Plexus Sacralis
N. Spinales L4/L5 – S4/S5
Dorsal
carries Motor + Sensory neurons
innervates the posterior side of the trunk
NERVE CELL STRUCTURE
dendrites function to receive stimuli/impulses from the environment/other nerve cells
soma is the main part of the neuron that has a cell nucleus.
Axons are extensions of the cell body that function to transmit signals/impulses.
Myelin sheath, which is the part of the cell that wraps around the axon.
The axon terminal is where the nerve cell meets other nerve cells.
Myelin sheath consists of Schwan cells
NERVOUS SYSTEM MECHANISM
electrical synapse
ions flow directly between cells. Two neurons are connected by special channels known as gap junctions
This synapse allows electrical signals to move quickly from the presynaptic cell to the postsynaptic cell so that it can accelerate the signal transfer. This is because there is a special protein channel connecting the two nerve cells.
chemical synapse
The action potential reaches the axon terminal
Sodium channel opens, and enters the cell. this process is called depolarization
Potassium ion channels open and enter the cell. thus starting a signaling cascade
Vesicles containing neurotransmitters attach to the synaptic membrane by exocytosis
The neurotransmitter will come out of the presynaptic and attach to the receptor
NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION
CENTRAL NERVOUS
The central nervous system controls most of the functions of the body, including awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses of seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling.
PERIFER NERVOUS
The peripheral nervous system connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body and the external environment. It regulates internal homeostasis. It can regulate the strength of muscle contractility. It controls the release of secretions from most exocrine glands.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
OTONOM
The autonomic nervous system is a nervous system that represents several other nervous systems in smooth muscle motor, cardiac muscle, and also glandular cells in the body.
The autonomic nervous system is often referred to as the involuntary nervous system. That's because the autonomic nerves work under the awareness of the human body.
examples of autonomic nervous work are changes in the pupils of the eyes, sweating, digestive movements, pulse on the heart
devided into
sympathetic
located at the base of the spinal cord.
This nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar.
serves to enlarge the pupils of the eyes, enlarge the bronchi, inhibit erections, speed up the heartbeat, inhibit secretion from the bladder
parasympathetic
located at the base in the medulla oblongata or advanced spinal cord.
known as the cranosacral nervous system because the preganglionic exits from the sacral and also the encephalon.
serves to slow down the work of organs. Some of them such as increasing blood pressure, inhibiting the secretion of adrenaline, shrinking the bronchi
SOMATIK
works by controlling all things that are conscious and consciously affect the body's response, such as moving the arms, legs, and other body parts
function
relay sensory information from the skin, sense organs, or muscles to the central nervous system
carries a response out of the brain to produce a response in the form of movement
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE CELLS
BASED ON THE FORM OF BRANCHING
unipolar
have 1 branch on the soma body. shaped like the letter T. serves as a signal carrier from the PNS to the CNS
Bipolar
have 2 branches on the nerve cell bodies on opposite sides. can be found in the retina of the eye, nasal mucosa, ears, skin
Multipolar
has more than 1 dendrite but only 1 axon. serves as a signal carrier from the CNS to the PNS
BASED ON FUNCTION
sensory
serves to deliver impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system which consists of the encephalon and spinal cord.
motor
transmit impulses from the encephalon or central nervous system to the organs of the body, which is also often called reaction or motion.
interneurons
connect sensory neurons and motor neurons.
