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socio-economic diversity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - americans who are more likely to be employees of large firms and are less likely to have problems meeting the costs of healthcare
        
        10% of all americans are able to afford private medical coverage beyond what their employers provide
    - - medical insurance premiums are higher as insurance companies charge higher in a market based system to make profit
        
        americans of lower socio-economic status are more likely to not visit a doctor when sick or take tests, treaments, follow-up care due to high costs
        
        only exception if they are in an emergency situation and sent to an acccident and emergency department
  - - - americans with lower income in the lower socio-economic groups have their premiums deducted from their pay.
        
        many choose not to buy insurance as they still have to pay for daily needs
      - small firms find it a financial burden to provide healthcare benefits for employees
        
        many low-skilled workers are not given any healthcare insurance
      - those who receive medical insurance as part of their employment will also lose it should they lose their jobs
      - insurance companies operate like profit making companies
        
        they insure healthy and the employed but refuse to insure those who have been sick in the past or risk having recurrent episodes of illnesses, incurring more costs
        
        healthcare denied to those who need it most
      - Affordable Care Act aka ObamaCare from 2014
        
        lower socio-economic status receive more help in terms of healthcare needs
        
        families with low to moderate income are now eligible for financial assistance in obtaining insurance coverage
- - - - healthcare subsidies
        
        public healthcare institutions has heavy subsidies by govt. lower to middle income groups can receive additional means tested subsidies at public hospital outpatient clinics and selected private GP and dental clinics under the Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS)
      - medisave
        
        compulsory individual medical savings account scheme. helps singaporeans pay for their share of medical treatment without financial difficulty. working singaporeans and their employers contribute a part of their monthly wage into the account to save for future medical needs.
      - medishield life
        
        health insurance plan to help pay large hospitalisation bills for life. all singaporeans share responsibility of paying large bills by risk pooling the financial risks of major illnesses
        
        deductible applicable for focus insurance coverage on large bills. individual responsibility for one's healthcare needs is kept by requiring co-payment
      - medifund
        
        endowment fund that acts as a safety net for needy Singaporeans who cannot afford to pay for medical bills after heavy subsidies
- - - - every swede has equal access to healthcare services regardless of social class, income or place of residence
    - - majority of hospitals are publicly owned whilst primary care in the form GPs. public and private providers are financed largely from public funds.
    - - voluntary Health Insurance (VHI) offered as a supplement to publicly financed healthcare. faster access to medical services at GPs and hospitals
  - - - 20> age charged 9 dollar per day for hospitalisation. national ceiling for out-of pocket payments for healthcare visits is 122
      - patient pay full cost of prescribed drugs up to 122 after 100% subsidy
      - max 244 for all children within the same household during 12 month period
      - private insurance to be able to get quick access to a specialist in outpatient carre n avoid waiting list for treatmnt
  - - - income earned up till US$62 140 will be taced 31%
      - extra income earned above US$62140 but below $88180 will be taxed additional 20%
      - aboce $88180 taxed add 25%
    - - once homogenous society is becoming more diverse with the inflow of immigrants and there are demands to change state policies to factor in these developments
      - citz of European Union member countries are eligible for some aspects of Sweden's heavily subsidised healthcare
        
        strain on system as they consume healthcare services without paying taxes needed to sustain the system