Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

PHONETICS, National and regional varieties of English, rhyme, standard, or…

- - - - (studies the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds)
    - - (studies the physical properties of speech sounds)
    - - (studies how people perceive speech sounds)
  - - - London school
        
        defined the phoneme as a family of sounds in a given language, which are related in character and are used in such a way that no one member ever occurs in the
        same phonetic context
        
        American school (L.Bloomfield, W.Twaddle)
        
        They defined the phoneme as a minimum unite of distinctive sound features. In the course of time their point of view became more and more abstraction. They denied the objective reality of the phoneme and called it ‘an obstractional fiction’
        
        Copenhagen school (L.Hjelmslev, M.Halle)
        
        They separated the phoneme from the actual speech. They discussed the abstract relationship between the phoneme, its allophone and stated that the phonemes no counterpart in actually existing language
- - - - Speech melody
        
        Rhythm
        
        Tempo
        
        Posation
        
        Syntactical stress
    - - O’Connor and A.Gimson
      - L. A. Armstrong and I. Ward’s
      - R. Kingdon
      - K. Pice, H. Gleason, S. Prator
    - - definition
        
        the smallest intonation unit
      - structure
        
        Speech
        
        Utterance
        
        Tone unit
        
        Rhythmic group / foot feet
        
        Syllable
        
        2 more items...
        
        each foot consists of one or
        more syllables
        
        each tone unit consists of one or more feet
        
        each utterance consists of
        one or more tone units
        
        Speech consists of a number of utterances
      - Structural components of a tone unit
        
        Pre-head
        
        The body, or scale
        
        types of scale
        
        descending
        
        (each stressed syllable is pronounced lower than the preceding one
        
        interrupted descending scale
        
        in case of a :very long tone unit the gradually
        descending scale can be interrupted.
        
        ascending
        
        each stressed syllable is pronounced higher that the preceding one (emotional
        speech and echo questions)
        
        scandent
        
        stressed syllable are gradually descend and unstressed syllables are pronounced
        higher than the preceding stressed ones
        
        The tail
      - System of nuclear tone
        
        L. Armstrong and I. Ward
        
        Tune 1 (the falling tone) and Tune II (the
        rising tone)
        
        O’Connor
        
        the Low Fall
        
        the Low Rise
        
        the High Rise
        
        the High Fall
        
        1 more item...
        
        R. Kingdon
        
        16 tones divided into emphatic and non-emphatic
        
        H. Gleason, S. Prator)
        
        the fading
        
        the sustained
        
        the rising tones.
    - - constitutive
      - distinctive
      - distinctive
      - attitudinal, accentual, grammatical and discourse
        functions (British phoneticians)
  - - - Physical nature of stresss
        
        Musical
        
        Chinese
        
        Japanese
        
        Vietnamese
        
        Dynamic
        
        French
        
        English
        
        German
        
        Russian
        
        Function of word stress
        
        constitutive function
        
        identificatory (or recognitive)
        
        distinctive function
      - Degree of accent
        
        weak
        
        secondary
        
        primary
      - Place of accent
        
        Free
        
        English
        
        Russian
        
        German
        
        Fixed
        
        Czech
        
        Polish
        
        French
  - - - Syllable formation
      - Syllable division
    - - Expiratory (chest pulse or pressure) theory by R.H. Stetson
      - Sonority theory by O. Jespersen
      - Theory of muscular tension by LV Shcherba
      - Loudness theory by N.I. Zhinkin
    - - onset
      - functions of syllables
        
        constitutive function
        
        It lies in its ability to be a part of a word itself. The syllables form
        language units of greater magnitude that is words, morphemes, and utterances
        
        distinctive function
        
        In this respect the syllable is characterized by its
        ability to differentiate words and word-forms
  - - - Phoneme
        
        Allophone
        
        principal
        
        subsidiary
        
        positional allophones
        
        combinatory allophones
        
        Functiona of phomene
        
        constitutive
        
        Morpheme constitutive function
        
        Word constitutive function
        
        Sentence constitutive function
        
        distinctive
        
        recognitive
        
        Aspects
        
        abstractional and general
        
        real and objective
        
        functional
        
        (as the phoneme performed 3 functions (constitutive, distinctive and word)
        
        (because the phoneme really exists in speech in the form of its allophones in
        spite of our wish)
        
        (being a language unit the phoneme is not a definite sound but it is an
        obstruction of all its constituting allophones)
      - Aspects
        
        auditory
        
        articulatory
        
        acoustic
        
        functional
        
        Mechanism of articulation
        
        Abstraction mechanism
        
        alveolar
        
        soft palate
        
        teeth ridge
        
        lips
        
        tongue
        
        hard palate
        
        Resonator mechanism
        
        nasal cavity
        
        supra-glotal cavities of pharynx
        
        larynx
        
        mouth cavity
        
        Power mechanism
        
        bronchi
        
        diaphragm
        
        1 more item...
        
        Vibrator mechnism (the voice production mechanism)
        
        vocal cords
- - - - Assimilation
        
        Accommodation
        
        Reduction
        
        Elision
        
        Inserting
        
        is a process of a sound addition
        
        2 more items...
        
        is the complete loss of sounds both vowels and consonants
        
        Loss of [h] in personal and possessive pronouns and the forms of the auxiliary verb have
        
        [l] length to be lost when preceded by [o:]: always, already, all right
        
        In cluster of consonants: next day, just one. mashed potatoes
        
        is actually qualitative or quantitative, weakening of vowels in unstressed positions
        
        is used to denote the interchanges of VC or CV typ
        
        Lip position
        
        adaptive modification of a consonant by a neighboring consonant in a speech chain
        
        Place of articulation
        
        Manner of articulation
        
        Work of the vocal cords
        
        Degree of noise
    - - Reduction
        
        Quantitative
        
        Qualitative
        
        Accommodation
        
        Positional length of vowels
        
        Nasalization of vowels: preceded or followed by [n, m]