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35 year old male with decreased awareness and history of HIV …
35 year old male with decreased awareness and history of HIV
HELVI RAMADHANI 1908260083
definition of HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an enveloped retrovirus that contains 2 copies of a single-stranded RNA genome.
transmisson toxoplasma gondii
Foodborne transmission - Ingestion of tissue cysts via consumption of undercooked/raw meat
Zoonotic transmission - Ingestion of oocysts via consumption of food and water contaminated with feline feces.
Vertical transmission - Infected mother causes congenital infection through the placenta.
Transmission via organ transplantation or blood transfusion.
education & prevention HIV
Inform all sexual partners if the individual is HIV positive.
Use clean needles to inject drugs and dispose of them after use. It is imperative that one should do not share needles with another person.
Use a clean condom at all times when having sexual intercourse. Preferably use a condom that contains a water-based lubricant, which is more protective.
The HIV-positive female must be treated during pregnancy.
Use emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil to reduce the risk of a sexually transmitted HIV infection.
risk factor HIV
defenition of toxplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan.
etiology of HIV
definition of AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that is the last stage of HIV disease.
patophisiology of HIV
the virus' surface fuses with the cellular membrane, which allows it entry into a T-helper lymphocyte.
After integration in the host genome, the HIV provirus forms and then follows transcription and viral mRNA production.
HIV attaches to the CD4 molecule and CCR5 (a chemokine co-receptor);
HIV structural proteins are made and assembled in the host cell. Viral budding from host cells can release millions of HIV particles that can go to infect other cells.
differential diagnosis of HIV
Burkitt lymphoma
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
prognosis HIV
The prognosis of a patient with HIV and a CD4 count greater than 500 (normal) results in a life expectancy as someone without HIV. A person with untreated AIDS has a life expectancy of about 1 to 2 years after the first opportunistic infection. Antiretroviral treatment can increase CD4 counts and change the patient's status from AIDS to someone with HIV.
how to diagnose HIV
anamnesis
Marital status
History of sexual intercourse other than with a partner / multiple partners
History of drug and drug use
Does anyone in your family suffer from HIV/AIDS?
Tattoo history
History of receiving blood transfusions
Past medical history, especially sexually transmitted diseases
testing options for HIV
Tes antibodi (Serologis)
Antigen/antibody test (Serologis)
NATs (virologis)
physical examination
Stages 1- primary
•Stages 2- asymptomatic
•Stages 3- symptomatic
•Stages 4- HIV & AIDS
life cycle toxoplasma gondii
definition of cerebral toxoplasmosis
Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of expansive brain lesions in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and continues to cause high morbidity and mortality.
etiology toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous, intracellular protozoan parasite that causes cosmopolitan zoonotic infection
laboratory diagnose toxoplasmosis
Antibody Detection
IgM antibodies
toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies
treatment toxoplasmosis
Adults: pyrimethamine 100 mg for 1 day as a loading dose, then 25 to 50 mg per day, plus sulfadiazine 2 to 4 grams daily for 2 days, followed by 500mg to 1 gram dose four times per day, plus folinic acid (leucovorin) 5-25 mg with each dose of pyrimethamine;
Pediatric dose: pyrimethamine 2 mg/kg first day then 1 mg/kg each day, plus sulfadiazine 50 mg/kg two times per day, plus folinic acid (leucovorin) 7.5 mg per day)
treatment HIV
antretroviral (ARV)
