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2.2 Established political parties - Coggle Diagram
2.2 Established political parties
Left-wing & Right-wing Politics
Left-wing:
A political position, often associated with socialism and social democracy, mainly concerned with creating more equality between different groups in society
Right-wing:
A political position, often associated with conservatism, mainly concerned with conserving the best elements of the past and tradition
Specific policies constantly change and it is vital to keep up with these developments
Central ideologies tend to be more consistent
Conservatives (2019)
Increase the number of nurses by 50,000
No income tax, VAT or National Insurance rises
Pensions to rise by at least 2.5% per year
No one to have to sell their home to pay for care
Reach net zero on carbon emissions by 2050
Spend £6.3 billion on 2.2 million disadvantaged homes
Introduce a points-based immigration system Continue the rollout of universal credit
Launch a democracy commission to consider the powers of the Supreme Court and the nature of the Human Rights Act
Labour (2019)
Scrap the benefit cap and two-child limit
Scrap university student tuition fees
Create a British Recovery Bond to help people save and invest in Britain post-pandemic
Provide start-up loans for 100,000 new businesses from across all regions of the UK
Extend the business rate relief and VAT cuts to hospitality and leisure. • End public sector pay freezes
Provide local councils with funding to prevent tax rises
Invest £30 billion in creating 400,000 new green jobs
Liberal Democrats (2019)
Fund the NHS with a penny income tax rise
Provide free childcare for all children aged 2–4
Generate 80% of energy from renewable sources by 2030
Increase taxes on frequent flyers
Recruit 20,000 new teachers
Legalise cannabis
Freeze rail fares
Factions Within Parties
Labour
Old Labour
Supports traditional left-wing socialist policies, e.g:
re-nationalisation of important industries
strong regulation of public utilities
strengthening trade unions
raising taxes to redistribute income
improve welfare services
New Labour
Supports centrist policies, e.g:
poverty reduction programmes
mild redistribution of income
support for the welfare state (but not excessively generous state benefits)
New Labour supporters take a pragmatic approach to economic management
Liberal Democrats
Modern Liberals
Support centre-left policies
Similar to those adopted by the centrists in the Labour Party
Together with a strong position on environmental control and constitutional reform
Classical Liberals
Sometimes referred to as 'Orange Book liberals'
Support constitutional reform and environmentalism BUT also neo-liberal policies (which would establish very free product, labour and financial markets)
Conservative
New Right
Supports the policies adopted in the 1980s
Neo-liberal ideas = free markets, low taxation, low levels of welfare benefits and the weakening of trade unions
Neo-conservatism = wishes to see a strong, authoritarian state
Main group is called Conservative Way Forward
One Nation
Now a small minority = wish to avoid policies which may be socially divisive
More centrist
Accept a role for the state to ensure a low level of inequality
Definitions
New Right:
Describes conservative ideas of reducing the role of the state and prioritising individualism and nationalism
One Nation:
Related to conservatism
One-nation conservatives support policies that will help to unite the nation and avoid social conflict
Old Labour:
Commonly used to describe left-wing Labour policies which dominated the party in the 1940s and in the 1970s and 1980s
New Labour:
Commonly used to describe the moderate policies of the Labour Party that were dominant between the early 1990s and 2015
Modern Liberals:
Refers to liberals in recent history who accept that government interference can be justified in the interests of welfare and social justice
Classical Liberals:
Refers to liberals who follow nineteenth-century liberalism, believing that there should be minimum interference by government in society and the economy