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The Geography of Innovation: Regional Innovation Systems 🌍 - Coggle…
The Geography of Innovation: Regional Innovation Systems 🌍
11.1 Introduction
Paradoxes characteristics of the contemporary global economy
First paradox 👆
Innovation activity not uniformly or randomly distributed across geographical landscape
More knowledge, more geographically clustered
Industries
Biotechnology
Financial services
Tightly clustered 🤝
Second paradox ✌️
Spatial concentration
More marked overtime
Information and communication technologies contribute to the dispersal of innovation activity over time.
Process of knowledge production exhibits a very distinctive geography
Why does location "matter" to innovation activity? 💡💭
What are regional innovation systems; how do they circulate new knowledge leading to innovation? 💡💭
What is the relationship between regional systems of innovation and institutional frameworks at the national level? 💡💭
What is the relationship between local and global knowledge flows, and is there any evidence that the global nature of today's economy has weakened or altered the influence of proximity on the geography of innovation? 💡💭
11.3.1 Varieties of regional innovation systems
Innovation system
Narrow definition
Primarily incorporates the R&D of institutions
Universities
Public research institutes
Private research institutes
Corporations
Linear model of innovation
Broad definition
“all parts and aspects of the economic structure and the institutional set-up affecting learning as well as searching and exploring”
Bottom-up, interactive innovation model of the sort described in our earliest discussion of the "learning regions".
11.2 Types of knowledge and their geographies
Tacit knowledge constitutes the most important basis for innovation - based value creation (Pavitt 2002)
As Maskell and Malmberg (1999: 172) have put it, when everyone has relatively easy access to explicit/codified knowledge, the creation of unique capabilities and products depends on the production and use of tacit knowledge.
Two closely related elements to this argument ✌️
It defining easy articulation or codification (Polanyi 1958, 1966), tacit knowledge is difficult to exchange over long distances; imbued with meaning arising from the social and institutional context its produced in. 👆
Spatial nature makes it sticky
Relates to the changing nature of innovation process and the growing importance of socially organized learning processes. ✌️
Innovation 💡
Interactions flows
Knowledge flows
Economic entities
Firms
Customers
Suppliers
Institutions
Research organisations
Universities
private research institutions
public research institutions
Public agencies
Technology transfer centers
Development agencies
Knowledge does not travel easily see Lundvall and Johnson 1994; Florida 1995; Asheim 1996, 2001; Morgan 1997; Cooke and Morgan 1998; Lundvall and Maskell 2000)
Best shared through face-to-face interaction who share basic commonalities (common "codes") 🤼
Building trust between partners 🤝
Social assets (intangible assets)
Firm 1
Firm 2
11.4 The relationship between regional and national innovation systems.
Larger institutional frameworks
National innovation system 💡
National business system 👨💼
Character of regional innovation systems 📍💡
Biotechnology
UK
Institutional regional innovation system (IRIS)
New economy innovation system (NEIS) "the entrepreneurial regional innovation system" (ERIS)
Germany
Tradition IRIS more typical in these regions
USA
Boston 🔝
San Francisco 🔝
San Diego
Seattle
Raleigh-Durham
Philadelphia
New York
Washington
Baltimore
Los Angeles