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Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - Coggle Diagram
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
for environment that lack oxygen
Two strategies
Use substance other than O2 as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
Produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation
Other acceptors
Also makes ATP via chemiosmosis even under aerobic
conditions
E. coli uses nitrate (NO3-) under anaerobic conditions
Fermentation
the breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation
But glycolysis uses up NAD+ and makes too much NADH under anaerobic conditions (which is a dangerous situation)
How to avoid this dangerous situation?
Muscle cells solve problem by reducing pyruvate into lactate
Yeast solve problem by making ethanol
Many organisms can only use O2 as final electron acceptor, so under anaerobic conditions, they need a different way to produce ATP, like using glycolysis
Fermentation produces far less ATP than oxidative
phosphorylation
Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism
can be used to make anabolism reactions
Other molecules are also used for energy (Carbohydrates,
protein, fats
Other molecules are also used for energy (Carbohydrates,
protein, fats
Citric Acid Cycle
Some molecules enters while others leave
Acetyl is removed from acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to form citrate then the oxaloacetate is
regenerated to start the cycle again
the organic molecules regenerated in each cycle
Produces = 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 2 CO2
Stage 3 of cellular respiration
Regulation
substrate availability ( Acetyl CoA, NAD+)
Feedback inhibition by ATP and NADH
Oxidative Phosphorylation
high energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 to
make ATP
phosphorylation occurs by ATP synthase
Stage 4 of cellular respiration
requires oxygen
Glycolysis
Produces = 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate
with or without oxygen
Stage 1 of cellular respiration
Energy investment
2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6 bisphosphate
Cleavage
6 carbon molecules broken into two 3 carbon molecules of
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Energy liberation
produce 2 NADH and 4 ATP
two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules broken down into
two pyruvate molecules
Regulation
feedback inhibition by ATP
availability of substrate glucose
Breakdown of Pyruvate
in eukaryotes, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrial
matrix
broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase
stage 2 of cellular respiration
CO2 is removed from each pyruvate
Acetyl group attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA
Produces= 1 NADH for each pyruvate
