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Life in the UK - Coggle Diagram
Life in the UK
Tudors & Stuarts
Religious Conflicts
After his victory in the Wars od Roses, Henry the 7th watned to make sure that England remained peaceful and that his position as King was secure
He deliberately strengthed the central adminsitration of England and reduced the power of the nobles. He was thrifty and built up the monarchys financial reserves
When he died, his son Henry the 8th continued the policy of centralising power. He was most famous for breaking away the Church of Rome and marrying 6 times
6 wives of Henry the 8th
Catherine of Aragon - Spanish Princes. Many children, but only Mary survived. Henry divorced when she was too old to have children for another wife.
Anne Boleyn - English. Had 1 daughter - Elizabeth. Anne was unpopular because she was accused of taking loveres. Executed in the Tower of London
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Anne of Cleves - German princes. Married for political reasons, was divorced shortly after.
Catherine Howard - Cousin of Anne Boleyn, also accused of taking lovers and was executed.
Catherine Parr - married Henry late in his life. She survived him, married again but died soon after
To divorce his first wife, Henry needed approval from the Pope. When the pope refused, he established the Church of England.
In his new church, the Kind not the pope, would have power to appoint bishops and order how people should worship
At the same time reformation was happening in Europe, this was a movement against the authority of the Pope and the ideas and practises of the roman Catholic church
The protestants formed their own churches. They read the bible in their own languages instead of Latin. They did not pray to saints or at shrines
they believed that a persons own relationship with God was more important that submitting to the authority of the Church.
Protestant ideas gradually gained strength in England, Wales and Scotland during the 16th centry
In Ireland, attempted by the English to impose protestantism (alongside English laws about inheritance of land), led to rebellion from Irish cheiftans. Much brutal fighting followed
During the reign of Henry 8th, Wales became formally united with England by the Act of Goverment of Wales
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Henry 8th was succeeded by his song Edward the 6th. Who was strongly a protestant. During his reign, ht ebook of Common prayer was written to be used in the church of England
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Edward died as 15 after ruling for just over 6 years. His half sister mary became queen. Mary was a devout Catholic a persecuted protestants - Bloody Mary
Mary also died after a short reign and the next monarch was her half sister, Elizameth the daughter og Henry 8th and Anne Boleyn
Queen Elizabeth the first was protestant. She re-established the Church of England as the offical Church of Eng.
Everyone had to attend the church. There was laws about religious services and prayers, but she didn't ask about peoples real beliefs.
She succeeded in finding a balancebetween the views of Catholic and protestants. In this way, she avoided any serious conflict within England.
Elizabeth became one of the most populat monarchs, particularly because after 1588, when English defeated the Spanish Armada - to feelt to invade England to restore Catholicism
Reformation in Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots
Scotland has also been strongly influenced by Protestant ideas. In the 1560s, the protestatnt scottish parliament aboloished the authority of pope and roman catholic services - illegal
A protestant church of scotland with an elected leadership was established but not like in England - it was not a state Church
Mary queen of scots - was a catholic. Was only 1 week old when her father died. Childhoold spent in France
When she retruned to Scotland, she was the centre of a power struggle between different groups. When her husband died, she was accused on involvement and fled to England
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Mary was Elizabeths 1st cousin and hopes that Elizabeth might help her but, she was suspected of taking over the English throne so was imprisonsed for 20 years and then executed for plotting against Elizabeth
Exploration, poetry and drama
Elizabethan period in England was a time of growing patriotism - pride in being English. English explorers sought new trade routes and tried to expand British trade into Spanish colonies in the Americas
Sir Francis Drake, one of the commanders in the defeat of Spanish Armada was a founder of Englands naval tradition. His ship - Golden Hind was the first to sail right around the world.
In Elizabeths 1st time, English settlers first began to colonise the eastern coast of America. Disagreements of reglious views of the new two kinds during the colonisaition, greatly increased conflict in the next century.
Elizabethan period was also rememebred to be the richness of its poetry and drama, plays and poems of William Shakespeare
Shakespear was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was a playwright, actions and wrote many poems and plays. Most famouos include: Midsummer Nights dreams, Hamlet, macbeth, R&J
He also dramatised on kings and queens. First to do portray English men and women. He had a great influence in English lang today
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Many people regard Shakespeare as the greatest playwright of all time. Many plays and poems are still performed and studied in Britain and other countries
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James 6th & I
Elizabeth 1st never married so had no children of her own to inhert the throne. When she died in 1603, her hier was cousin James the 6th. Also known as King James first
He was the king of England and Wales, Scotland remained a separate country
One achievement of Kind James reign was a new translation of the Bible into English. The translation known as King James version or Authorised version.
Its was not the first English Bible but is a version which continues to be used in many protestant churches today
Ireland
During this period, Ireland was almost completely a Cathoic country. Henry 7th and 8th extended English control outside the Pale and established English authority over the whole country
Henry 8ths took the title King of Ireland. English laws were introduced and local leaders were expected to follow instructions of the Lord Lieutentants in Dublin
During the reigns of Elizabeth 1st and James 1st, many people in opposed rule by the protestant government in England. Loads of rebellions
Eng gov encourages Scottish and English protestants to settle in Ulster, norther province of Ireland, taking over the land from Catholic landholders. Settlement known as plantations
Many of the new settleres came from sout-west Scotland and other land was given to the companies based in London. James later organised similar platations in several other parts of ireland
This resulted in serious long term consequences of history on England, Scotland and Ireland
The Rise of parliament
Elizabeth first was very skilled at managing the parliament. She was successful in balancing wishes and view against those of House of Lord and Commons. Which was protestant in its views
James and his son Charles 1st were less skilled politically. Both believed in the "Divine right of Kings". The idea that the king was directly appointed by God to rule
They thought that the king should be able to act without seeking approval from parliament. When Charles inherited the htones, he tried to rule with this principle
When he could not get parliament to agree with his religious and foreign policies, he tried to rule without parliament to at all.
For 11 years, he found ways in which to raise money without parliaments approval, but eventally trouble in Scotland meant that he has to recall parliament
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The Restoration
In May 1660, parliament invited Charles 2nd to come back from exile in Netherlands. he was crowned king charles 2nd of England, Wales and Ireland.
He understood that he could not always to ad he wished and would sometimes need to reach agreement with parliament. Parliament sometimes agreed with his policies
The church of England again became the establsihed official church. Both Roman Catholics and Puritans were kept out of power
During Charles 2nds reign in 1665, there was a major outbreak of plague in London. Thousands of people died, especailly poor areas.
The following year, a great fire destroyed much of the city, including many churches and St Pauls cathedral. London was rebuilt with a new St pauls, designed by architect sir Christoper Wren
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The Habeas Corpus act became law in 1679. This was very important piece of legislation wich remain relevant today.
Habeas Corpus is Latin for "you must present the person in court". The act guaranteed that no one could be held prisoner unlawfully. Every prisoner has a right to court hearing
Charles 2nd was interested in Science. During his reign, the Royal Society was formed to promote "natual knowledege"
This is the oldest surviving scientific society in the world. Among its early members were Sir Edmund Halley, who successfully prdicted the return of the coment and now called Halley's Coment. And Sir Isaac Newton
A Catholic King
Charles 2nd had no legitimate children. He died in 1685 and his brother James who was a Roman Catholic became King James 2nd in England, wales, and Ireland. James the 7th in Scotland
James favoured Roman catholics and allowed them to be army officers, which an act of parliament had forbidden.
He did not seek to reach agreements with Parliament and arrested some bishops of the Church of England. People in England worries that. James wanted to make England a catholic country again
However his hiers was two daughters who were both firmly protestant. Poeple thought this meant there would be a protestant monarch again
Then James wife had a son, suddenly it seemed likelt that the next monarch would not be protestant after all
The Glorious Revolution
James 2nd elder daughter Mary was married to her counsin Willaim of Orange, a protestant ruler of Netherlands. In 1688 protestants in England asked him to invade England and proclaim himself King
When he came to England, there was no resistance. James feld to France and William took over the throne becomings William 3rd in England, Wales and Ireland. William the 2nd in Scotland
William jointly ruled with Mary. This event was later called the Glorious Revolution because there was no fighting in England and because it guaranteed the power of the parliament, ending the threat of a monarch ruling his or her own as they wished
James 2nd wanted to regain the throne and invaded Ireland with the help of a French army. William defeated James 2nd at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland 1690, and event still celebrated by some in Northern Ireland today
William re-conquered Ireland and James fled back to France. Many restrictions were placed on roman catholic church in Ireland and Irish catholics were unable to take part in the gov
There was also support for James in Scotland. An attempt at an armed rebellion in support of James quickly defeated at the Kiliecrnkie.
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The Macdonalds of Glencoe were late in taking the oath and were all killed. The memory of this massacre meant some scots distrusted the new gov
Some continued to beleive that James was the rightful king, especially in Scotland.
Some joined him in exile in Frame, others were secret supporters. James supporteers became known as Jacobites
Angle Saxons
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Britain was again invaded by tribes from northern Europe, Jutes, Angles and Saxons
Battles were fought againts invaders, but by AD 600 Anglo Saxon kingdoms were established
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Parts of west Britain, Wales, Scotland remained free of Anglo-Saxon rule
Anglo-Saxons were not Christians, when they first came, missionaries came to preach it
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St Augustine led missionaries from Rome, who sperad Christianity in the south, St Augustine became the first Archbiship of Canterbury
Vikings
Came from Denmark and Norway, in AS 789
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Soon later, they stayed and formed their own communities in the East of England and Scotland
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Anglo-Saxons kinds continued to rule what is now England, except for a short period when where were Danish Kinds
The first was Cnut, also called Canute
In the North, the threat by Vikings encouraged people to unite under one kind, Kenneth MacAlpin
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Stone Age
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Britain connected to europe, but permanently separated 10,000 years ago
First farmers arrived 6,000 years ago, from south east Europe
Built houses, tombs, momuments (stonehenge) in Wiltshire
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Middle Ages
War at home & abroad
Period after the Norman Conquest is until about 1485. And is called the Middle Ages (Medieval period). Almost contstant war
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In Wales, the English were able to establish their rule
King Edward the first introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Waled to the Criwn of England
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By the 15th century the last Welsh rebellions has been defeated. English laws and language were introduced.
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English kings also fought a number of wars abroad. Many knights took part in Crusades in which European Christians fought for control of the Holy land
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One of the most famous battles of the HYW was the battle of Agincourt in 1415, where King Henry the 5th vastly outnumbered English army defeated the French
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The Black Death
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They had a small area of their lords land where they could grow food. And in return they had to work for their lord and could not move away
Same system developed in southern Scotland. In noth of Scotland and ireland, land was owned by memebers of the "clans" - prominent families
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Small population meant less need to grow cereal crops. There were labour shortages and peasants demanded higher wages.
New social classes appeared, including owners of the large land areas - called gentry
People left the countryside to live in towns, growing wealth led to the development of strong middle class
In Ireland, the black death killed many in the Pale and for a time, the area controlled by the Englush became smaller
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A distinct identity
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After the Norman conquest, the kind and the noblemen spoke Norman French and the peasants continued to speak Anglo saxon.
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In modern English there are often words with similar meanins, one from French and one from Anglo Saxon. Like "Demand" and "Ask"
By 1400, in England, official docs were being written in English. And English had become the preferred language of the royal court and parliament
In Scotland, many people continued to speak Gaelic and scots language also developed.
A number of poets began to write in the Scots language. One example is the John Barbour, who wrote "The Bruce about the Battle of Bannockburn"
The middle ages saw a change in the type of buildings in Britain. Castles were built in many plaaces in Britain and Ireland, partly for defence
Today many are in ruins, thought some such as Windsor and Edinburgh are still in use
Great cathedrals, for example, Lincoln Cathedral were also built, many are still used for workship.
Several cathedrals had windows os stained glass telling stories about the Bible and Christian saints. The glass in York minster is a famous example
During this period, England was an important Nation. Wool became a very important export. And maby people cam e from abroad to trade and also work
Many had special skills, such as weavers from France, engineers from Germany, glass manufacturers from italy and Canal builders from Holland
The War of the Roses
In the 1455 a cicil war was begun to decide who should be king of England. It was fought between the supporters of two families - House of Lancaster & House of York
This war is called the Wars of Roses because the symbol of Lancaster was red rose, and York was white
The war ended in 1485, King Richard 3rd who was the House of. York was killed in battle. It ended with the Battle of Bosworth Field
King Henry 7th, house of lancaster then became king. He married King Richards 3rds neice - Elizabeth of York to unite the two families
King Henry the 7th was the first of the House of Tudor. The symbol was red rose with white rose inside it. As a sign that both houses of York and Lancaster are now allies.
Bronze Age
4,000 years ago - because people learned how to make bronze
Like tools, ornaments, weapons
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Iron Age
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Created first coins to be minted in Britain, some inscribed with Kings
Romans
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In AD 43, Emperor Claudius led the Roman army in a new invasion
There was resistance, but the Roman were successful in occupying most of Britain
One of the tribal leaders that fought against the Romans was Boudicca - the queen of Iceni (Eastern England)
She's still remembered today, there's a statue of her in Wesminster Bridge in London
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Norman Conquest
In 1066, an invasion led by William, the Duke of Normandy (northern France)
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William became king, and was names Willian the Conqueror
The battle is commemorated in a great peice of embroidery, Bayeux Tapestry (Which can be seen in France)
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Norman French is the language of the new ruling class, this influenced English as we know today
Initially the Normans also conquered Wales, but they gradually won their territory back
Normans and Scots fought on the Scotland border, but Normans could never break through
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