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CULTURE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Limitations
        
        Focus is on individual's behavior and not the behavior of the host culture. it emphasises a undirectional relationship between the two cultures rather than bidirectional
        
        Implied hierarchical relationship between two cultures
        
        4 distinct patterns of behavior may not be the case; the way an individual behaves may be dependent on the social context
        
        Seen as too simplistic. Factors for the reason of migration, cultural dimensions of the individual, and the level of similarity between the 2 cultures may all play key roles in the acculturation process
  - - - integration
        
        when there is an interest in adopting the behaviours and values of the new culture, while still maintaining the original culture
      - separation
        
        when migrants maintain their own culture and minimise contact with the new culture
      - assimilation
        
        when an individual abandons their original culture and adopts the cultural behaviours and values of their new culture
      - marginalisation
        
        result of when it is not possible to maintain one's original culture, and because of exclusion or discrimination, it is not possible to assimilate into new culture
  - - - Aim: investigate which factors in the lives of Latino immigrants to the US would decrease the level of acculturative stress
      - Sample: random sample of 197 members of two social services agencies
      - Procedure: members of SS completed a questionnaire and a series of standardized tests to assess family cohesion, level of acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping strategies for stress
      - Results: immigrants with effective coping strategies, good proficiency in English, and a strong family structure are less likely to experience acculturative stress. Immigrants who had spent longer time in the US were less likely to demonstrate this stress and show a higher level of acculturation. This study shows that there are many protective factors that influence the extent to which an individual acculturate and the effect that this will have on mental health
    - - Sample: 2095 Asian Americans. 1271 were first-generation immigrants who were 18 years and older when they came to the US. The rest of the sample was born in the US to first-generation immigrant parents. The sample consisted of several different Asian cultures
      - Procedure: carried out semi-structured interviews that had cultural and linguistic backgrounds similar to those of the sample population. Randomly selected sample of participants was contacted to validate the data taken from their interviews that measured participants' level of acculturative stress, language proficiency and preference, discrimination, social networks, family cohesion, and socioeconomic status
      - Aim: inesvtigate the variables that may predict acculturative stress in a nationally representative sample of Asian immigrants and Asian Americans
      - Results: 1433/2095 interviews, participants were found to have acculturative stress according to 70% of the sample
        
        These conclusions were made
        
        Negative treatment significantly contributed to higher acculturative stress
        
        Sharing similar values and beliefs as a family significantly contributed to lowering acculturative stress
        
        Even though bilingualism is a predictor of low acculturative stress, the preference for speaking English only is a predictor of high acculturative stress
        
        Acculturative stress was significantly lower among those who were very satisfied with their economic opportunities in the US and among immigrants who would still move to the US if they were to make that decision again
        
        A bilingual language preference contributed to lower acculturative stress
    - - Direct and indirect experiences of prejudice and discrimination can lead to high levels of acculturative stress
        
        Is responded to by reactive identification; when the individual strengthens their ethnic and racial identity as a response to discrimination
        
        Positive: argued that a strong sense of cultural identity leads to a sense of empowerment that motivates people to take action to change the institutionalised discrimination
        
        Negative: contributes to the hardening of oppositional attitudes toward the majority culture
    - - variables influencing experience of migrants to a new culture
        
        age of migration, length of residency, education, sexual orientation, religion, class, and trauma experiences prior to arrival in new culture
        
        makes it difficult to find representative samples that can be used to generate a theory about the acculturation experience, and historically, such studies have high attrition rate and low rate of participation
      - language barrier in giving tests to immigrants, how they interpret the question, and when measuring acculturation, psychologists make assumptions about what healthy acculturation looks like
      - Ethical considerations
        
        participant need to be aware of their rights; informed consent, anonymity, withdraw from study, and in many cultures the researcher would be seen as a higher social hierarchy and having power and authority over the individual. important that the subjective experience of the participants is respected
        
        some participants may be illegal or undocumented immigrants, researchers must consider this issue when recruiting participants and publishing their findings
  - - - Alegria et al (2007)
        
        Found that Hispanics born in the US or who spent considerable amount of time in the US are more likely to be diagnosed with psychiatric disorders that Hispanics born abroad or who arrived more recently
    - - Found that Hispanic adolescents who speak mostly Spanish are less likely to use drugs and alcohol
    - - Wang et al (2010)
        
        Sample: 119 Cuban American university students living in Miami. Purposive sampling: all students had at least 1 parent from Cuba. 80% of sample was female. 23% of students was born outside of US.
        
        Procedure: asked to fill an online survey and questions were presented on Likert-scale format
        
        Results: biculturalism was linked to more favourable outcomes (higher self esteem, lower depression and anxiety)
        
        Aim: wanted to test the relationship between three dimensions of acculturation and positive psychological functioning (Cuban culture, relationship with US culture, and ethnic identification). Positive psychological functioning was measured by levels of depression, anxiety, and self esteem
  - - - Aim: study relationship between refugee's level of acculturation and their mental and physical health
        
        Sample: 440 North Korean refugees, 30 years and older. 75% was female and had lived average of 3 years in Seoul
        
        Procedure: data was collected by 2 surveys and by carrying out medical examinations on the refugees. 1st question of survey asked about their level of acculturation to South Korean society. the 2nd asked about their mental health, rating levels of depression and anxiety. the medical exams measured resting heart rate and blood pressure
        
        Results: showed positive correlation between the level of acculturation and psychological health and a negative correlation with resting heart rate. The relationship between physical and mental health is an example of spiralling causality: acculturation to Seoul reduced physical health, but being outside of North Korea imported mental health, and as mental improved so did physical health. If refugees were employed, they were better adjusted to their new culture and better overall health
- - - - Aim: studied the role of observational learning on the development of cultural norms in Samoa
      - Procedure: it was a longitudinal study of 25 months to look at behavior of line of fishing and conceptual understanding of rank and hierarchy. As fishing lines, spears, and nets are limited, children do not participate in fishing with adults
      - Sample: 28 children in a single Samoan village
        
        Samoan culture has a very high power distance index, including the rank of a parent and a child. Parents have a non-interventionist approach to their children and their learning. Children are mostly left to learn things on their own
      - Results: Young males spent a lot of time watching adult male fish, but there is no direct instruction. Children around 10 years would borrow the adult's fishing equipment and experiment on their own without any adult supervision. By age 12, most children fish on their own
        
        CULTURAL NORMS ARE NOT TAUGHT DIRECTLY, BUT RATHER LEARNED THROUGH THE ACTIVE OBERSVATION BY THE CHILDREN OF THE ADULTS IN THE COMMUNITY
    - - Limitations
        
        cannot explain why there seems to be considerable variation in the degree to which children conform to a culture's norms. It does not explain the nonconformists
        
        too many variables that may play a role that Is not possible to limit the explanation simply to modelling of behavior
      - Strengths
        
        considers social and cultural context in which enculturation occurs
        
        predicts that children acquire internal standards for behavior through reward and punishment, by personal or vicarious experiences
  - - - Aim: examining the parental reaction when the behavior of the child was not gender appropriate
      - Sample: parents and toddlers in their homes
      - Procedure: series of naturalistic observations of parents/child interactions using an observation checklist
      - Results: parents reacted significantly more favourably to the child when the child was engaged in gender-appropriate behavior and was more likely to give negative responses to gender innapropriate behaviors
        
        Fagot then carried out follow up interviews with the parents and found that the parent's perceptions of their interactions with their child did not correlate with what was observed by the researchers, so this is not a conscious behavior
    - - Aim: how gender labelling affects toy choice for children
        
        Sample: new mothers
        
        Procedure: mothers were asked to play with 6-month-old baby. The mother did not know it, but the baby they were playing with was cross-dressed. Mother and child were put together in a room that had gendered toys. The interactions were filmed
        
        Results: mothers chose toys that matched their perception of the gender of the child. They were also more active with the child when they thought it was a boy.
        
        This shows that the way parents interact with a child may play a role in enculturation, teaching the child what is acceptable and appropriate in their culture