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Henry VIII's Ministers - Coggle Diagram
Henry VIII's Ministers
Thomas Wolsey
court of chancery
could preside over this, using it to uphold 'fair justice'
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used for issues with enclosure, contracts and land left in wills
court of star chamber
established in 1487 as offshoot of King's council but under Wolsey became centre of government and justice
motive to extend 1516 was to increase cheap and fair justice after hearing misconduct by those dominant in localities
encouraged private lawsuits, having to then set up 'overflow tribunals' to deal with pressure
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amicable grant
set up due to the insufficient funds from the 1523 Tudor subsidy where he led a committee to assess taxpayers' wealth
in 1525, it attempted to raise unparliamentary funds
resulted in widespread resistance, almost a rebellion
eltham ordinances
Wolsey reduced the number of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, the area he had no control, in guise of reducing household expenditure
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so increasing his own power, he removed even Henry's Groom of the Stool, Sir William Compton, and replaced him with the compliant Henry Norris
the kings great matter
Henry wanted an annulment with CofA due to lack of son, C's old age and love for Anne B who wouldn't be a mistress
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the king found biblical justification in book of Leviticus due to Catherine being Arthur's widow so their marriage was illegal and he was free to marry Anne
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Sack of Rome 6th May 1527 meant Pope Clement VII could not issue the annulment as Charles V, Catherine's nephew held him prisoner
Wolsey used his power as papal legate in in May to bring Henry before a fake court to 'accuse' him of living in sin with Catherine
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his fall
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hearing opened 15th June but Campeggio adjourned on 30th July, ensuring Wolsey's failure
he was already unpopular for forcing the subsidy and Amicable Grant so many associates distances themselves
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4th November 1530 arrested to be tried and executed but he died 29th Nov at Leicester Abbey on the way
Thomas Cromwell
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acts of parliament
Act in Restraint of Appeals drafted by Cromwell in April 1533 declared imperial jurisdiction of monarch so was not subject to papacy and appeals could not be made to Rome, so Catherine could not appeal the annulment
Act of Succession in Nov 1534 declared H+C marriage void, succession vested in Anne's children, made denying marriage validity treasonable and meant an oath should be taken to affirm acceptance of the marriage
Act of Supremacy Nov 1534 gave legislative force to royal supremacy, stating Henry 'justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England, effectively accomplishing the break from Rome
Treason Act tightened in Nov 1934 so treason could also be by spoken word or by writing and describing the king as 'heretic', 'tyrant' or a 'usurper of the Crown' was treason
Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown in Nov 1534 meant Annates from a bishop 'intolerable' when to Pope became acceptable when to the king, increasing financial burden on clergy and strengthened royal supremacy
fall of Anne Boleyn
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relations between her and Cromwell publicly broke down as he felt his relationship with the King and so his life, was threatened
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she was accused of adultery and incest, constituting treason and so was executed 19th May 1536
his fall
by 1540 his influence was declining but the failure of Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves after 3rd wife Jane Seymour died giving birth to Edward in 1537 was the catalyst
he organised the League of Schmalkalden as they supported Martin Luther and rejection of Catholic church
however, Anne was personally unsuitable to Henry and she was politically unwelcome so it was quickly annulled
this loss of credibility gave Norfolk a chance to bring about Cormwell's downfall, aided by marrying his niece Catherine Howard to Henry
he was accused of treason and heresy and executed 28th July 1540, same day of Henry and Catherine's marriage
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reform of the church
weaknesses
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anticlericalism caused criticism e.g. Richard Hunan's murder at the Bishop of London's prison in 1514
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1538 injunctions required each parish to acquire English Bible with the first edition of the Great Bible appearing in 1539
changes to doctrine
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1537 Bishops' Book restored sacrements omitted from Ten Articles with lower status, so more conservative document
1539 Six Articles Act reasserted Catholic doctrine with denial of transubstantiation heretical, founded on assumption of too much religious controversy, undermining ordering of society and led to 2 reforming bishops leaving posts
King's Book in 1543 revised Bishops' Book, largely conservative with Lutheran hints
traditional religious practices were attacked with royal injections of 1536 and the much more extreme second set in 1538
however, Henry worried wrong people were reading wrong parts so restricted public reading to upper-class males in 1544 Act for Advancement of True Religion