could preside over this, using it to uphold 'fair justice'

problem was that it became too popular so was clogged up with cases and justice was slow

used for issues with enclosure, contracts and land left in wills

the Pope sent Cardinal Campeggio in 1529 to hear the case with Wolsey after 2 years

established in 1487 as offshoot of King's council but under Wolsey became centre of government and justice

motive to extend 1516 was to increase cheap and fair justice after hearing misconduct by those dominant in localities

encouraged private lawsuits, having to then set up 'overflow tribunals' to deal with pressure

permanent committee set up in 1519 to deal with cases with the poor

set up due to the insufficient funds from the 1523 Tudor subsidy where he led a committee to assess taxpayers' wealth

resulted in widespread resistance, almost a rebellion

Wolsey reduced the number of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, the area he had no control, in guise of reducing household expenditure

introduced in 1526 to reform finances of Privy Council

so increasing his own power, he removed even Henry's Groom of the Stool, Sir William Compton, and replaced him with the compliant Henry Norris

Henry wanted an annulment with CofA due to lack of son, C's old age and love for Anne B who wouldn't be a mistress

it was Wolsey's job to secure this annulment

Sack of Rome 6th May 1527 meant Pope Clement VII could not issue the annulment as Charles V, Catherine's nephew held him prisoner

Catherine claimed her and Arthur never consummated and so the ban was irrelevant

Wolsey used his power as papal legate in in May to bring Henry before a fake court to 'accuse' him of living in sin with Catherine

Catherine refused to accept the court's verdict and appealed to the Pope

hearing opened 15th June but Campeggio adjourned on 30th July, ensuring Wolsey's failure

he was already unpopular for forcing the subsidy and Amicable Grant so many associates distances themselves

October 1529 charged with praemunire and surrendered himself and his possessions to Henry

4th November 1530 arrested to be tried and executed but he died 29th Nov at Leicester Abbey on the way

Cromwell allied with conservatives and persuaded Henry that Anne committed adultery

relations between her and Cromwell publicly broke down as he felt his relationship with the King and so his life, was threatened

after advancing his career under Wolsey, he suggested a break with Rome and Henry becoming head of an English Church would secure the annulment

task of breaking with Rome was easier due to Church weaknesses from humanist criticisms and Henry's support from Cranmer and Foxe

by 1532 he was chief minister and 3 year period of conciliar gov had ended

1531 clergy accused of praemunire and fined

1532 Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates withheld bishops income

anticlerical pressure increased in HoC 1532 due to Supplication against the Ordinaries

1532 Submission of Clergy to Henry provoked resignation of Thomas More

Anne consented to having sexual relations with Henry, gambling being pregnant so forcing decisive action which required his open defiance of the Pope

1532 death of Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham eased this as he was replaced with Cranmer who became a leader of the Reformation

it was known by December 1532 that she was pregnant so they married in a secret ceremony 25th Jan 1533, a marriage seen as invalid by Catholic Church

Henry and Catherine's marriage was annulled in May 1933 by Archbishop Cranmer, with Anne crowned shortly afterwards

her child was born 7th September but did not solve succession issues as it was a girl, Elizabeth

Act in Restraint of Appeals drafted by Cromwell in April 1533 declared imperial jurisdiction of monarch so was not subject to papacy and appeals could not be made to Rome, so Catherine could not appeal the annulment

Act of Succession in Nov 1534 declared H+C marriage void, succession vested in Anne's children, made denying marriage validity treasonable and meant an oath should be taken to affirm acceptance of the marriage

Act of Supremacy Nov 1534 gave legislative force to royal supremacy, stating Henry 'justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England, effectively accomplishing the break from Rome

Treason Act tightened in Nov 1934 so treason could also be by spoken word or by writing and describing the king as 'heretic', 'tyrant' or a 'usurper of the Crown' was treason

Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown in Nov 1534 meant Annates from a bishop 'intolerable' when to Pope became acceptable when to the king, increasing financial burden on clergy and strengthened royal supremacy

her position became more vulnerable when Catherine of Aragon died in Jan 1536

she was accused of adultery and incest, constituting treason and so was executed 19th May 1536

by 1540 his influence was declining but the failure of Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves after 3rd wife Jane Seymour died giving birth to Edward in 1537 was the catalyst

he organised the League of Schmalkalden as they supported Martin Luther and rejection of Catholic church

however, Anne was personally unsuitable to Henry and she was politically unwelcome so it was quickly annulled

this loss of credibility gave Norfolk a chance to bring about Cormwell's downfall, aided by marrying his niece Catherine Howard to Henry

he was accused of treason and heresy and executed 28th July 1540, same day of Henry and Catherine's marriage

corruption from pluralism and absenteeism

anticlericalism caused criticism e.g. Richard Hunan's murder at the Bishop of London's prison in 1514

a decline of monasticism with precedents for dissolving monasteries existing by 1530s

king becomes supreme head of the Church, confirmed by Act of Supremacy in 1534

Cromwell was appointed Vicegerentin Spirituals in 1534, so he was second only to the king, giving him power over archbishops, bishops and the Church as a whole

6 new dioceses were created, attempting to improve Church administration

began with Cromwell's Valor Ecclesiasticus, a survey set up in 1535 to discover Church wealth and give indication of resources to plunder

then amassed evidence to justify dissolution

presented as mechanism for preserving and improving quality

scope of dissolution widened after Pilgrimage of Grace as heads of religious houses were implicated and surrendered to Crown and 1539 Act dissolved all remaining monasteries, with all houses dissolved by March 1540

1536 Ten Articles showed both Lutheran and Catholic influence on development of doctrine

1537 Bishops' Book restored sacrements omitted from Ten Articles with lower status, so more conservative document

1539 Six Articles Act reasserted Catholic doctrine with denial of transubstantiation heretical, founded on assumption of too much religious controversy, undermining ordering of society and led to 2 reforming bishops leaving posts

King's Book in 1543 revised Bishops' Book, largely conservative with Lutheran hints

however, Henry worried wrong people were reading wrong parts so restricted public reading to upper-class males in 1544 Act for Advancement of True Religion